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LING 388: Language and Computers

LING 388: Language and Computers. Sandiway Fong Lecture 15: 10/18. Administrivia. Homework #3 due today email: sandiway@email.arizona.edu (by midnight). Last Time. Predicate-Argument Structure ?- s(X, [i,hit,the,ball], []). X = s(np(i),vp(v(hit),np(det(the),n(ball)))) X = hit(i,ball)

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LING 388: Language and Computers

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  1. LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 15: 10/18

  2. Administrivia • Homework #3 • due today • email: sandiway@email.arizona.edu (by midnight)

  3. Last Time • Predicate-Argument Structure • ?- s(X, [i,hit,the,ball], []). • X = s(np(i),vp(v(hit),np(det(the),n(ball)))) • X = hit(i,ball) • Calling Prolog code from grammar rules • { ... } • headof(X,H) • ?- headof(vp(v(hit),np(det(the),n(ball))),V). • X = hit • counting • a+b+ => anbn

  4. Today’s Topics • One step towards a simple language translator ... • Grammar for Japanese • Differences between English and Japanese • Canonical Word Order • Wh-questions

  5. Japanese • Head-Final Language • introduced the notion “head of a phrase” last lecture • e.g. verb is the head of a verb phrase • hit the ball • ran • noun is the head of a noun phrase • the man (that I saw) • the old man • John’s mother • Sentence word order (canonical) • Subject Object Verb • cf. English word order • Subject Verb Object

  6. Japanese • Head-Final Language • Sentence word order (canonical) • Subject Object Verb • cf. English word order • Subject Verb Object • Example: • John bought a book • John a book bought (Japanese word order) • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker

  7. Japanese • Head-Final Language • Sentence word order (canonical) • Subject Object Verb • Japanese also allows “scrambling” • e.g. object and subject can be switched in order • Subject Object Verb • Object Subject Verb • *Subject Verb Object (still head-final) • Example: • John bought a book • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • hon-o Taroo-ga katta • *Taroo-ga katta hon-o (English word order) • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker

  8. Japanese • Example: • John bought a book • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker • Input (Prolog list): • [taroo,ga,hon,o,katta] • Basic parser rules: • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon].

  9. Japanese • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • Example: • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker • Computation tree: • ?- s(X,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],[]). • ?- np(Y,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],L1). • ?- nomcase(L1,L2). • ?- vp(Z,L2,[]). • ?- np(Y,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],L1). • Y = np(taroo) L1 = [ga,hon,o,katta] • ?- nomcase([ga,hon,o,katta],L2). • L2 = [hon,o,katta] • ?- vp(vp(Z’,Y’), [hon,o,katta],[]). Z = vp(Z’,Y’) • ?- np(Z’,[hon,o,katta],L1’). • ?- acccase(L1’,L2’). • ?- transitive(Y’,L2’,[]).

  10. Japanese • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • Example: • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker • Computation tree: • ?- vp(vp(Z’,Y’), [hon,o,katta],[]). • ?- np(Z’,[hon,o,katta],L1’). • ?- acccase(L1’,L2’). • ?- transitive(Y’,L2’,[]). • ?- np(Z’,[hon,o,katta],L1’) • Z’ = np(hon) L1’ = [o,katta] • ?- acccase([o,katta],L2’). • L2’ = [katta] • ?- transitive(Y’,[katta],[]). • Y’ = v(katta) • Answer • ?- s(X,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],[]). • X = s(np(taroo), vp(np(hon), v(katta)))

  11. Parser Sentence Parse tree Generator Sentence Parse tree Japanese • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • Example: • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker • Simple grammar • can be run “backwards” for sentence generation • Query • ?- s(s(np(taroo), vp(np(hon), v(katta))),L,[]). • L = [taroo, ga, hon, o, katta]

  12. Japanese • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • Example: • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker • Query (Generation): • ?- s(s(np(taroo),vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L,[]). • Y = np(taroo) Z = vp(np(hon),v(katta))) • ?- np(np(taroo),L,L1). • ?- nomcase(L1,L2). • ?- vp(vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L2,[]). • ?- np(np(taroo),L,L1). • L = [taroo|L1] • ?- nomcase(L1,L2). • L1 = [ga|L2] • ?- vp(vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L2,[]). • Z’ = np(hon) Y’ = v(katta) • ?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). • ?- acccase(L3,L4). • ?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]).

  13. Japanese • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • Example: • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker • Query (Generation): • ?- vp(vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L2,[]). • Z’ = np(taroo) Y’ = v(katta) • ?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). • ?- acccase(L3,L4). • ?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]). • ?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). • L2 = [hon|L3] • ?- acccase(L3,L4). • L3 = [o|L4] • ?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]). • L4 = [katta|[]]

  14. Japanese • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • Example: • John a book bought • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • ga = nominative case marker • o = accusative case marker • Query (Generation): • back-substituting ... • ?- np(np(taroo),L,L1). • L = [taroo|L1] • ?- nomcase(L1,L2). • L1 = [ga|L2] • ?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). • L2 = [hon|L3] • ?- acccase(L3,L4). • L3 = [o|L4] • ?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]). • L4 = [katta|[]] • Answer: • L = [taroo, ga, hon, o, katta]

  15. Japanese • Wh-Phrases • English • John bought a book • Who bought a book? (subject wh-phrase) • *John bought what? (only possible as an echo-question) • What did John buy? (object wh-phrase) • Complex operation: (irregular) • object wh-phrase must be fronted • do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) • boughtbuy (untensed form)

  16. Japanese • Wh-Phrases • English • Who bought a book? (subject wh-phrase) • *John bought what? (only possible as an echo-question) • What did John buy? (object wh-phrase) • Japanese • wh-in-situ: • meaning wh-phrase appears in same position as a regular noun phrase • easy to implement! • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who

  17. Japanese • wh-in-situ: • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who • Grammar: • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • Add new wh-words: • np(np(dare)) --> [dare]. • np(np(nani)) --> [nani].

  18. Japanese • wh-in-situ: • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who • Grammar: • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. • np(np(dare)) --> [dare]. • np(np(nani)) --> [nani]. • Allows sentences: • Taroo-ga hon-o katta • Taroo-ga nani-o katta (ka) • dare-ga hon-o katta (ka) • How do we enforce the constraint that ka is obligatory when a wh-phrase is in the sentence?

  19. Japanese • wh-in-situ: • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who • Grammar: • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), nomcase, vp(Z). • vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. • np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. • np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. • Answer: • Use an extra argument to encode the lexical feature wh for nouns

  20. Japanese • wh-in-situ: • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who • Grammar: • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2). • vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. • np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. • np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. • Answer: • Use an extra argument to encode the lexical feature wh for nouns • Propagate this feature up to the sentence rule

  21. Japanese • wh-in-situ: • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who • Grammar: • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). • vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. • np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. • np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. • Answer: • Use an extra argument to encode the lexical feature wh for nouns • Propagate this feature up to the sentence rule • Add a sentence-final particle rule that generates ka when this feature is wh

  22. Japanese • wh-in-situ: • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who • Grammar: • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). • vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. • np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. • np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. • Sentence-final particle rule: • sf(wh,notwh) --> [ka]. • sf(notwh,wh) --> [ka]. • sf(notwh,notwh) --> []. (empty) • sf(wh,wh) --> [ka]. (dare-ga nani-o katta ka: who bought what)

  23. Japanese • s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). • vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). • transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. • nomcase --> [ga]. • acccase --> [o]. • np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. • np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. • np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. • np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. • sf(wh,notwh) --> [ka]. • sf(notwh,wh) --> [ka]. • sf(notwh,notwh) --> []. • sf(wh,wh) --> [ka]. • wh-in-situ: • Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka • nani: means what • ka: sentence-final question particle • dare-ga hon-o katta ka • dare: means who • Computation tree: • ?- s(X,[taroo,ga,nani,o,katta,ka],[]). • X = s(np(taroo),vp(np(nani),v(katta))) • ?- s(X,[taroo,ga,nani,o,katta],[]). • no We may want to modifiy the parse tree to represent the sentence-final particle ka as well

  24. Next Time • We’ll look at wh-questions in English • ... and also take another step towards our machine translator

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