So Far From God: The U.S. and Latin America I

1. So Far From God: The U.S. and Latin America I Liberalism Nationalism The 19th Century Dilemma Foundations of a Relationship The Monroe Doctrine The Era of Manifest Destiny La Invasi�n Norteamercana

2. Liberalism Democracy The individual (citizen) over the corporation Who is a citizen? Laissez-Faire Capitalism �Free� trade over mercantilism What does Laissez-Faire mean? Secularism Reason over faith Toleration or rejection?

3. Nationalism The �Imagined Community� Ethnicity Language/Culture Religion/Ideology The myth of historical continuity The myth of inevitability The 19th Century: Restoring the old or building the new?

4. The 19th Century Dilemma Economic Stagnation Spanish commercial monopoly replaced by free trade Some countries prosper (Argentina � hides) while others languish (Mexico � mining). Independence does not eliminate colonial social structure Caste system obstacle to development of internal markets Reform efforts lead to new economic challenges Foreign capital does not materialize due to political instability Local manufacturing suffers because Latin America seen as a source of raw materials and a market for cheap European goods Results in monostaple economies or economic stagnation Dependency Theory

5. The 19th Century Dilemma (cont.) Conservative vs. Liberal Programs Conservatives Remnants of the colonial elite Dominant in urban centers Church and military fueros Seek to maintain as much of the colonial social, political, and economic structure as possible Not necessarily nationalist Liberals Among those left out of power during the colonial era (esp. criollos, mestizos, even indios) Often (but not always) oriented toward the provinces Opposed to fueros and separately also opposed to the Church May be ardent nationalists but self- and class-interests often come before the nation

6. The 19th Century Dilemma (cont.) Centralists vs. Federalists Centralists seek a strong nation controlled from the center on the order of Spanish colonialism Federalists seek to acquire or maintain control in the provinces Not necessarily aligned either with the conservatives or liberals � depends on local situation Caudillismo The caudillo is a strongman, almost always associated with military prowess The caudillo maintains loyalty through patronage, confraternity The caudillo may align himself with either conservatives or liberals, centralists or federalists, but always acts to maintain his own power and authority The caudillo is the quintessential Latin American leader even to this day.

7. Foundations of a Relationship La Reconquista and Spanish Colonialism The Reformation & Religious Wars The Rivalry of England and Spain The Enlightenment Scientific and Industrial Revolutions Contrasting Liberalisms The Liberalism of the Philosophes Spanish American Liberalism The Issue of Race The Result: British and Spanish America look at each other with alarm and suspicion.

8. The Monroe Doctrine Revolutions in the Spanish world create new trading partners for U.S. Americans are concerned other European Powers will step in to fill power vacuum. Contemplates a joint statement with Britain against further colonization. Written by Adams, Monroe restates principles in Washington�s Farewell The U.S. will not intervene in Europe The U.S. will not interfere with existing colonies. The Americas are closed to colonization. The U.S. will view colonization in the Americas as �the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States��

9. The Monroe Doctrine (cont.) Monroe Doctrine hardly noticed by European powers. Doctrine invoked by Polk to warn France, England, and Russia away from Pacific coast. Doctrine again invoked by Johnson after the U.S. Civil War to oust French from Mexico. After U.S. becomes a world power Doctrine used to support U.S. hegemony in the Americas. Roosevelt Corollary states the U.S. has the right to intervene in Latin America in case of �chronic wrongdoing.� Since the FDR administration the Doctrine has been downplayed with the U.S. preferring consultative relations through the OAS. The U.S. still intervenes in Latin America when its perceived interests are at stake.

10. The Era of Manifest Destiny The Vision of Manifest Destiny Mexico and its Territories Mexican Independence Centralist/Federalist Controversy The Alamo and the Republic of Texas Moses/Stephen Austin Declaration of Independence March 2, 1836 The Alamo, March 6, 1836 Goliad Houston and the Battle of San Jacinto April 21, 1836 California The Californios and Mexican Independence American Business Interests American Immigration

11. La Invasi�n Norteamericana January 1845 Congress annexes Texas The Slidell Mission to Mexico The �Border Dispute� leads to war. Zachary Taylor New Mexico, The Bear Flag Republic, and California Stephen Kearny Winfield Scott Marches on Mexico City Trist and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb. 2, 1848

12. The Mexican American War (map)