Grammar

1. Grammar

2. Parts of speech • Sentence parts • Sentence structures

3. Clauses • Phrases [prepositional, and participial] • Objects • Adjectives [pre and post noun] • Participles [gerunds, infinitives, past participles] • Verb form • Prepositions

5. Sentence Building Concepts • Learn the basic sentence structure • The hawksoars. • The professorswiggedcoffee. • My daughteris a wrestler. • My daughterisbeautiful. • Expand sentences by adding: • Adjectives [pre and post noun] • Single word adjectives • Prepositional phrases [adjective or adverb] • Adjective clauses

6. Add a phrase • [adjectival prepositional phrase] • The hawkin the sky soars. • The professorfrom my schoolswigged coffee. • My daughter is a wrestleron the WWF. • My daughterwith long hairis beautiful.

7. Add a phrase [prepositional phrase-adverbial] • In the morning, the hawk inthe sky soars. • The professor from my schoolswigged coffee in his office.

8. Add a clause • The hawk [that is in the sky] soars. • The professor [who is in his office]swigged coffee • My daughter is a wrestler [who is on the WWF]. • My daughter [who has long hair]is beautiful.

9. Add a phrase • [prepositional phrase or expand it into a clause, or participial phrase] • The hawk [in the sky] soars. • The hawk [that is in the sky] soars. • The hawk [that flies in the sky] soars. • The hawk [flying in the sky] soars. • The hawk [that was photographed in the sky] soars. • The hawk [photographed in the sky] soars.

10. Objects • She likes mice. • She likes him. • She likes to dance. • She likes dancing. • She likes what I cooked. • She likes the house in which my mother lives. To dance on stage is my favorite activity. Dancing is my favorite activity. What I love is dancing.

11. Object complements • The professor swigged coffee from starbucks • The professor kept the coffee warm. • The professor called the coffee a masterpiece.

12. Coordination • The hawk soars. • The hawk and the eagle soar. • The hawk soars and turns. • The professor swigged coffee. • The professor swigged coffee and water. • My daughter is beautiful. • My daughter is beautiful and intelligent. • My daughter is a wrestler. • [My daughter is a wrestler], and[my son is a nurse]. • other connectors: and, but, or, so, yet • Either…or- Neither …nor- Not only… but also

13. Subordination • The hawk soars. • When the hawksoars,itis content. • The professor swigged coffee. • While the professor swigged coffee,the studentwaited nervously.

14. Special structures • There is a beautiful house in my neighborhood. • My sister is taller than your sister. • My sister is taller than your sister is. • My sister is taller than is your sister. • My sister is the tallest in the class. • My sister is the most beautiful girl in the class.

15. Unusual structures • Never doeshewrite to his mother. • I have never traveled to Paris.

16. Unusual structures • I do not have a car, and neitherdoes my sister.

17. Unusual Structures • Had he studied for the exam, he would have received a good grade. • Were she here, we would have a party. • Should you need someone, I would be happy to help.

18. In the closet are the clothes that you want. • The clothes that you want are • In the closet, I have a present for you. • I have a present for you

19. Rarely___ now used for battle purposes. • military bands are • are military bands • Scarcely ___ started building his theme park when he launched his first television program titled Disneyland. • Walt Disney • Walt Disney was • had Walt Disney • Only in the Civil War ___ killed or wounded. • soldiers in America • were so many American soldiers • so many American soldiers were

20. Should ___ help keeping their weight, blood pressure, pulse, and cholesterol down, swimming is an excellent activity. • adults need • need adults • Were ___of telecommuters to lose their jobs, they would look for other positions. • a majority • if a majority • When ___ chest pain, some doctors recommend that they take one full 325-milligram aspirin. • do patients feel • patients feel

21. Passive voice • Active voice • Alice wrote a letter. • Passive voice • A letter was written by Alice.

22. Adjective form • All adjectives have three forms

23. Adverb form and placement • The man quickly wrote a letter. • Quickly, the man wrote a letter. • The man wrote a letter quickly. • Wrong: • The man wrote quickly a letter

24. Remember adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs • That woman is my mother. • That beautifulwoman is my mother. • That incrediblybeautiful woman is my mother. • That incredibly wellinformed woman is my mother.

25. I understand the correct use and form of all verb forms • I understand what punctuation signifies • I understand how to identify clauses • I can identify the correct use and placement of adverbs • I understand the correct use and variety of pronouns • I understand the correct use of quantifiers • I understand the use of participles • Use of articles

26. I can reduce and expand clauses (adjective,adverbs) • Understand the use of prepositions (phrases and combinations) • Identify special structures • Parallel • Comparatives • Superlatives • Coordinating conjunctions • Identify use of gerunds • Identify use of infinitives

27. Most common grammar problems in the TOEFL • Clauses [12] • Verb Problems [6] • Word From [4] • Nouns [4] • Parallel Structure [3] • Inverted Sentences [3] • Pronouns [2] • Comparative/superlative Structures [2] • Prepositions [1] • Other topics [3]

28. Read carefully • Identify all independent clauses in the entire sentence • It is critical to identify the simple subject and all modifying words or phrases (noun phrase) • Clauses • Two independent clauses can’t be joined by a comma only (a connector and a comma or a semicolon is necessary) • Clauses can be objects of prepositions • When they have a connector they can appear at the beginning followed by a comma

29. Learn all forms of comparative structures • Learn to identify the correct use of verb tenses in the TOEFL • Always check correct use of pronouns and to check their antecedents • Learn the correct placement of adverbs • These can appear anywhere except between a verb and its direct object

30. Adverbs can modify other adjectives and other adverbs • Learn to identify reduced clauses correctly • Review your knowledge of Phrasal verbs and their combinations in English • Recognize special structures • Verb complements, object complements (5) • Inverted order (4) • Gerund and infinitive phrases take singular verbs

31. Static electricity ___ one cloud to another or between clouds and the ground creates lightning. • Flows from • The flow from • Flowing from • Is flowing from

32. The light from an electrical lamp includes many different wavelengths, ______in a laser is concentrated on only one wavelength. • all the energy • it is all the energy • but all the energy • while all the energy is

33. Three forms of comparison • My sister is taller than your sister. • My sister is taller than your sister is. • My sister is taller than is your sister. • My sister studies harder than your sister. • My sister studies harder than your sister does. • My sister studies harder than does your sister • The color of….Than that of, than those of

34. Verb tenses • Difference between past and future • Time Markers for the past perfect or past • Passengers have ridden the first Ferris wheel at the Colombian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. • passengers • have ridden • wheel • in

35. Goal setting survey for the English class: • Improve my vocabulary • Gain confidence when speaking • Improve writing • Improve listening • Improve my score in the TOEFL • Learn about English speaking culture • Experience good English literature • Practice in job interviewing in English • Improve grammar • Other (specify)