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Visualizing Psychology Chapter 12: Personality

Visualizing Psychology Chapter 12: Personality. PSY 1213 Introductory Psychology. Personality: unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions. Definitions. Great ideas in personality. Online personality test. The personality project. Dog personality. 2.

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Visualizing Psychology Chapter 12: Personality

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  1. Visualizing PsychologyChapter 12: Personality PSY 1213 Introductory Psychology

  2. Personality: unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Definitions Great ideas in personality Online personality test The personality project Dog personality 2

  3. Trait Theories • Traits: relatively stable personal characteristics used to describe someone • Key Figures: • Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck • Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae and Costa--Five-Factor Model (FFM) The Keirsy online personality zone Cattell’s 16 personality test 3

  4. Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model Study Tip: Note the first letter of each 5 factors • Openness (original and open to new ideas vs. conventional and narrow in interests) • Conscientiousness (responsible and organized vs. irresponsible and careless) • Extroversion (sociable and talkative vs. withdrawn and quiet) • Agreeableness (trusting and good-natured vs. suspicious and ruthless) • Neuroticism (emotionally unstable and moody vs. emotionally stable and easygoing) OCEAN Internet personality nventory The IPIP NEO-PI The 5-factor personality test Personality test of your partner 4

  5. Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? • Psychology helps us understand personality and relationships. For example, place a dot on each line to indicate your traits of openness, extroversion, etc. Then do the same for your ideal romantic partner. 5

  6. Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model • Researchers asked over 10,000 men and women from 37 countries what they wanted in a mate. • They found: • high degree of agreement. • five-factor traits are at the top of both lists. 6

  7. Evaluating Trait Theories • Pro: • Evolutionary, cross-cultural, and cross-species studies support five-factor model. • Five-factor model helps describe and organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits. • Con: • Lacks explanation and specificity. • Ignores situational effects and rule expectations. 7

  8. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • A relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone is called a _____. • Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved is known as _____ on the five-factor model. 8

  9. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories • Psychoanalytic Theories: examines how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, and actions • Key Figures: • Founding Father—Freud • Neo-Freudians—Adler, Jung, Horney Summary of Freud’s theory Adler’s theory Horney’s theory Jung’s theory Jung’s typology test 9

  10. Conscious: thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering Preconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind Unconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Levels of Consciousness 10

  11. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Personality Structures • Id: instinctual energy (pleasure principle) • Ego: rational part of psyche (reality principle) • Superego: the conscience (morality principle) 11

  12. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Defense Mechanisms • Defense mechanisms: ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality Freud’s defense mechanisms EGO SUPER EGO 12

  13. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Sample Defense Mechanisms 13

  14. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development • Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development. • Oral Stage: birth-18 months • Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs • Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs • Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty • Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood 14

  15. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development • Freud believed all children pass through five psychosexual stages. At each stage the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones). 15

  16. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists • Adler: suggested that most people experience an inferiority complex,which later results in awill-to-power • Jung: proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes • Horney: developed concept of basic anxiety 16

  17. Pro: Historical credit for some Freudian concepts (e.g., defense mechanisms) Modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical methods Con: Psychoanalytic concepts difficult to test Overemphasizes biology and unconscious forces Inadequate evidence, sexism, and lack of cross-cultural support Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories 17

  18. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness. • Briefly describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages. 18

  19. Humanistic Theories • Humanistic Theories • Personality develops from internal experiences (feelings and thoughts) and individual feelings of basic worth. • Human nature is innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. • Key Figures: Rogers and Maslow 19

  20. Humanistic Theories: Rogers’ Key Concepts • Emphasis on the importance of the self. • Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self-concept and life experiences. Feeling good and grades Everybody’s above average Sports esteem 20

  21. Humanistic Theories: Rogers’s Key Terms (Continued) • ConditionalPositive Regard: positive behavior toward a person contingent on behaving in certain ways • UnconditionalPositive Regard: positive behavior toward a person with no contingencies attached 21

  22. Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking • As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard? Did this affect your childhood and/or your adult personality? 22

  23. Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal thatbasic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs • Self-Actualization: Maslow’s belief in an inborn drive to develop all one’s talents and capabilities Maslow’s pyramid 23

  24. Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 24

  25. Pro: Many concepts incorporated into successful therapy Con: Naive assumptions Poor testability and inadequate evidence Narrowness Evaluating Humanistic Theories 25

  26. Social-Cognitive Theories • Social Cognitive Theories Personality reflects: • individual’s interactions with the environment • how people think about the world and interpret what happens to them • Key Figures: Bandura and Rotter Pioneers of psychology: Bandura 26

  27. Social-Cognitive Theories: Bandura’s Key Terms • Self-Efficacy: person’s learned belief that one is capable of producing desired results • Reciprocal Determinism: cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality Increasing student success through for self-determination 27

  28. Pro: Emphasizes how environment affects and is affected by individuals Meets most standards for scientific research Con: Narrow focus Ignores unconscious and emotional aspects of personality Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories 28

  29. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • The _____ approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences and the basic goodness of the individual. • Rogers thought _____ was essential to a child’s healthy personality development. 29

  30. Biological Theories • Three major biological contributors to personality: • Brain Structures • Neurochemistry • Genetic Factors Biological theory of personality Biological and evolutionary perspectives on personality Shy brains 30

  31. Biological Theories: Biopsychosocial Model • Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories provide different insights and contribute different proportions to personality. 31

  32. Four methods to measure personality: Interviews Observations Objective Tests (MMPI) Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT) Personality Assessment APA: Testing & assessment Assessment of employment Improving employment interviews Myer’s Briggs Keirsey test 32

  33. Evaluating Methods of Personality Assessment • Interviews and Observations • Pro: insights • Con: time consuming and expensive • Projective Tests • Pro: insights • Con: low reliability and validity • Objective Tests • Pro: standardized information • Con: possible deliberate deception, social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, possible cultural bias, and inappropriate use 33

  34. Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter &Karen Huffman &Matthew Cole PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 12: Personality 34

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