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GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Ethnic and Religious Conflict

GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Ethnic and Religious Conflict. Grave Threat to Peace. Why so much local conflict now?. How to Characterize?. Revival of “Ancient Hatreds?” Natural Divisions (tribal, ethnic) Revenge of “Bad Borders?”

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GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Ethnic and Religious Conflict

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  1. GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Ethnic and Religious Conflict

  2. Grave Threat to Peace

  3. Why so much local conflict now?

  4. How to Characterize? • Revival of “Ancient Hatreds?” • Natural Divisions (tribal, ethnic) • Revenge of “Bad Borders?” • Unnatural Divisions (a legacy of colonialism)

  5. Or the Exploitation of Divisions? Babri Masjid (1992)

  6. Case #1: Arabs and Jews

  7. Returning to Palestine • Palestine • Arabs in the Ottoman Empire • Zionist dreams • Escaping pograms in Russia and Poland • Balfour Declaration (1917) • The 1930s • Jewish refuge • Arab alarm • British blockade

  8. The Palestine War (1948) • End of the British Mandate • UN Partition • land grab • Deir Yassin massacre • great power politics

  9. UN Partition Plan (1947)

  10. Israel Holds its Own • The Birth of Israel (May 14, 1948) • Arab attacks from north, south, and east • Repelled and reversed

  11. The Suez Crisis (1956) • Gamal Abdel Nasser • President of Egypt (1952) • Champion of Arab nationalism • Nationalizes the Suez Canal (1955) • Blockades the Gulf of Aqaba (1955)

  12. Strategic Waterways

  13. Israel, the UK, and France • The secret plan • Israel attacks Egypt (10/29/1956) • UK and France intervene (10/30/56) • US calls for restraint • USSR supports US • Israel relinquishes its spoils • UNEF patrols

  14. Six-day War (1967) • Syria • El Fatah raids • Egypt • expels UNEF from Sinai • blockades Gulf of Aqaba (again) • Israel • Responds with lighting attacks • Occupies key territories • Preempts the UN

  15. Expanded Israel

  16. The October War (1973) • Syria and Egypt attack on Yom Kippur • Risk of Soviet-US proxy war • Geneva Peace Accords (12/73) • UN observers in Sinai and on Golan Heights

  17. Camp David Accord (1979) Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter and Menachem Begin

  18. From Tourist Trap to Failed State

  19. Carving up Lebanon • Civil War (1975) • Muslims vs. Christians • Syria occupies central Lebanon • Israel invades (1982) • US intervenes

  20. Intifadeh • First Palestinian uprising (1988) • Rock throwing • Economic boycott • Strikes

  21. Oslo Peace Accord (1993) Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, Yasir Arafat

  22. Great Expectations • Jordan-Israel peace agreement (1995) • Syria-Israel negotiations (1999) • Barak plan (2000) • “Land for Peace” • Torpedoed by Arafat

  23. Ariel Sharon

  24. The Second Intifadeh • Palestinians revolt • Suicide bombers • Israeli reprisals • Leveling villages

  25. New Peace Efforts • Bush’s “Road Map” (2001) • Abu Mazen as PA PM (2003) • Trying to tame Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Al Aqsa Martyr’s Brigade, Hezbollah • And failing….

  26. Terror Continues Reem Raiyshi with her son Obida, 3, before she set off a bomb in Gaza on 1/26/04, killing herself and four Israelis.

  27. The Fence

  28. The Occupation Continues

  29. Case #2: Hindus vs Moslems

  30. Two Battles for Independence • British rule (from early 17th century) • East India Company • “divide and conquer” • Fighting for sovereignty • Hindus under Mahatma Gandhi • Moslems under Mohammed Ali Jinnah

  31. Partition (1947)

  32. Kashmir • British had installed a Hindu prince in predominantly Moslem region (1846) • During partition, Moslems revolted • New Pakistan state supported • New Indian state opposed • War (1948-49)

  33. A Region Divided

  34. Pakistan’s Allies • Military regime (General Ayub Khan) • Unlike India under Congress Party (Nehru) • Bandwagoning with the U.S. • Friendship with China

  35. Kashmir War of 1965

  36. Bloody Birth of Bangladesh • Resentment of East Pakistan • 1970 cyclone • 1971: Calls for independence • West Pakistan cracks down • Bengali refugees spill into India • India intervenes • Aligns with USSR • Indira Gandhi orders a strike

  37. Nuclear confrontation • Battle of nuclear tests (1998) • Terrorist attacks inside India • Playing nuclear chicken (2003)

  38. Case #3: Sudan

  39. Background • Independence from UK in 1956 • Civil War for all but ten years (72-82) • Muslim Arabs in the north • Christian/animist Africans in the south • Northerners control Khartoum regime • Military junta seized power in 1989 • Allied with National Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front (NIF) • Islamic Law (Sharia) and Arabization

  40. Racial Chauvinism Ibrahim Omar, head of NCP Child soldier in south

  41. “Leave Only the Birds” • Depopulation Strategy • Emptying villages in the south • Trains and horsemen • Slavery • “Buy-back” program ($50 per person)

  42. Slavery in Sudan

  43. Darfur

  44. Marginalization • A region ignored • Arab militia versus the African SLA • Khartoum backs the Arabs • Tens of thousands killed • 1.5 million displaced

  45. Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur

  46. Case #4: Ivory Coast

  47. Civil Strife • North versus South • Citizenship and bloodlines • Defined by southern elites • Abidgan regime (Laurent Gbagbo) • The South • Rebels in the North • France viewed as partisan

  48. Blowback of Colonialism

  49. Case #5: Bosnia (1994-5)

  50. What does Posen say? It’s another security dilemma

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