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Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis

Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis. Roger C.K.CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research Student Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management

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Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis

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  1. Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis Roger C.K.CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research Student Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management The University of Hong Kong

  2. Outline • Global perspective • China’s perspective • Background • Relevant Theories • Empirical Study • Conclusion • Concept of compact city • Features of compact city • Conceptual Model of compact • city • Research design • Findings

  3. Part1BACKGROUND

  4. 1. Global Perspective • Rapid urbanization, boom of urban residents • Urban Growth Source: UNCHS (1996) An Urbanising World: Global Report on Human Settlements, Oxford, University Press, Oxford.

  5. Sustainable Development “Sustainable development declaration”, 1980 The announcement regarding sustainable cities in the Toronto Declaration, 1990 Sustainability becomes a planning goal Compact city The answer to the sustainable city form

  6. Relevant policies in the world UK: Planning Policy Statement [Part1: Delivering Sustainable Development] (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005) Netherlands: The National Spatial Strategy (2020) (Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment) Hong Kong: Hong Kong 2030 Planning vision and Strategy (HKSAR, 2007) ………………………….

  7. 2. China’s Perspective Rapid Urbanization Urban Residents Change Unit:10 thousand Source: China Statistical Yearbook - 2006

  8. 2. China’s Perspective Change of Built-up area in municipal cities

  9. China’s Situation • Rapid population growth and urbanization • National Population and Family Planning Commission(2004) reported: • by 2010, 1.37 billion people • by 2020, 1.46 billion people • by 2033, 1.5 billion people • National Development and Reform Commission(2004) reported: • By 2020, the urbanization will reach 57%, and the number of urban residents would be 0.84 billion.

  10. China’s Situation • Limited land resource and extensive construction area • Ministry of Land and Resources reported in 2005 • the area of territory per person per person is 0.73 hectare in China, and 2.9 hectare in the world • the cultivated land per person is 933 sq.m. in China, and 3200 sq.m. in the world • the construction area per person in China is more than 130 sq.m., and 82.4 sq.m in developed countries, 83.3 sq.m in developing countries.

  11. Rapid urbanization & Population Growth Extensive land use Pressure Economic Cost Environm- ental Cost Urban area (Limited land resource) Sprawl Sprawl The Compact city paradigm could be one of the approaches that cities could choose to maintain sustainability.

  12. Relevant Policies in China Ministry of Development and Reform Commission The Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (Chapter 6)(2007) ………… The Ministry of Land and Resources P.R.C. National Land Use Master Plan Outline (1997—2010) ………….. Ministry of Construction P.R.C. Reply to Chongqing’s Master Plan (国函[2007]90号); Reply to Hangzhou’s Master Plan (国函[2007]19号); …………

  13. Stimulating factors China’s Status Policies Experiences in the World Compact city Urban form developing trend What is the existing degree of the compactness in Chinese cities? A question is proposed

  14. Part2RELEVANT THEORIES

  15. What is the “compact city”? • Three defining approaches: Unitary Definition, Composition Definition and Measurement based Approach An Image of a compact city

  16. What is the “compact city”? • Unitary Definition • high-density or monocentric development (Gordon and Richardson, 1997) • centralized compact development and decentralized compact development (Anderson, 1996) • some concentration of employment and housing, as well as some mixture of land uses (Ewing, 1997)

  17. What is the “compact city”? • Composition definition • high density, mix-used city, based on an efficient public transport system and dimensions that encourage walking and cycling (Burton, 2000) • to increase built area and residential population densities; to intensify urban economic, social and cultural activities and to manipulate urban size, form and structure and settlement systems (Burgess, 2000)

  18. What is the “compact city”? • Measurement based definition • a compactness index, rho—the ratio between the average distance from home to central business district (CBD), and its counterpart in a hypothesized cylindrical city with equal distribution of development (Bertaud and Malpezzi, 1999) • the degree to which development is clustered and minimizes the amount of land developed in each square mile (Galster, 2001)

  19. Features of Compact city • High-density • Mixed-use • Intensification Status quo Changing process

  20. High-density • What is urban density? • In the geographical field, density means a theoretical ratio between a quantity of a statistical indicator and the occupied surface (Fouchier, 1994). • Why is high density important to compact city? • High densities are seen to be fundamental to urban vitality and creativity (Haughton and Hunter, 1994) • “take away the high concentration of people and activities, together with the diversity and vitality which go with them, and there is no longer any point living in a city ” (Sherlock, 1991).

  21. Mixed-use • What is mixed-use? • a coherent plan with three or more functionally and physically integrated revenue-producing uses (The Urban Land Institute, 1987) • a comprehensive conceptual model, based on the internal texture of a settlement: grain, density and permeability. (Rowley, 1996) • Four dimensions added to Rowley’s conceptual model: the shared premises dimension, horizontal dimension, vertical dimension and time dimension

  22. Dimensions of mixed use

  23. Dimensions of mixed use

  24. Dimensions of mixed use

  25. Dimensions of mixed use

  26. Mixed-use • Why is mixed-use important to compact city? • a fine-grain mixing of diverse uses creates vibrant and successful neighborhoods (Jacobs, 1961) . • Housing White Paper, Our Future Homes (DoE, 1995a) asserts that: “There is a trend back to mixed use development, providing homes alongside shops and offices. Such development can increase vitality through activity and diversity, help to make areas safer, and help to reduce travel… A balanced mix of households helps ensure sustainable city communities”.

  27. Intensification • What is intensification? • a generic term for the process of making cities more compact • an increase in population, an increase in development, and an increase in the mix of uses within the city boundary (Burton, 2000) • Why is intensification important to compact city? • The aims to make city more intensified are reducing the need to travel by car, conserving land and encouraging regeneration of rundown city centers (Burton, 2002)

  28. Source: Coupland,1997 (Originally: Department of the Environment, 1995)

  29. Scales of research on compact city • a macro approach, at the city-wide or even metropolitan level • a micro approach, at the neighborhood or community level • a spatial structure approach, emphasizing a pattern oriented to downtown or the central city versus a polycentric (or dispersed) spatial pattern

  30. Conceptual model Population Building High density Employment Public transport Provision of facilities Compact city Mixed-use Land use variety Housing-job mix Intensification

  31. Part3Empirical Study

  32. Research Design City Selection Large Municipal cities In Coastal Provinces Economic and Social Factors Indicator Selection validity, reliability, availability and plausibility Relevant data from statistic yearbooks and modification Research Method Principal components analysis Calculation of the score for each feature Output the result

  33. Data collection and modification • Collection • China city statistical yearbook 2001,…, 2005 (中国城市统计年鉴) • China city construction statistical yearbook 2001,…,2005 (中国城市建设年鉴) • China statistical yearbook 2001,…,2005 (中国统计年鉴) • Data from The fifth Census in 2000 (五普), 1% Population Sample Survey of China in 2005 (2005全国1%人口抽样调查) • Local statistical yearbook: Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2001, 2005 • Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2001, 2005 • ……………………. • Websites of Local statistical information: e.g. http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/ (北京市统计信息网); http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/2005shtj/index.asp(上海统计),...... • Modification Population: permanent population(常住人口); Household population(户籍人口) Study range: Urban District(市辖区)

  34. Measurement of High Density • Indicators: Note: The population used in each indicator is the total permanent population in urban districts. Public transport capacity = Passenger Transport Quantity / total permanent population

  35. Measurement of High Density • Total Variance Explained • Equation • Original Score = 1.979 * Fac1_1 + 1.574 * Fac2_1 + 0.833 * Fac3_1

  36. Measurement of Mixed-use • Indicators: Note: Land use variety = Land use variety = - Ph * ln(Pr) – Pi * ln(Pi) – Pr * ln(Pr) – Pg * ln(Pg), without unit; The total population employed for calculating the provision of the hospital beds and the theatres are permanent population. The housing-job mix = employees in urban districts / total household population.

  37. Measurement of Mixed-use • Total Variance Explained • Equation • Original Score = 1.690 * Fac1_2 + 1.195 * Fac2_2 + 0.998 * Fac3_2 + 0. 807 * Fac4_2;

  38. Measurement of Intensification • Indicators:

  39. Measurement of Intensification • Total Variance Explained Equation Original Score = Fac1_3 * 2.506 + Fac2_3 * 2.416 + Fac3_3 * 1.237 + Fac4_3 * 1.191+ Fac5_3 * 0.952.

  40. The high scores of each feature would have a balanced series of variables. • Beijing, Xiamen, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan rank in top 10 both in the density degree and mixed-use degree; Shantou, Taian, Huaian, Maoming, Foshan, rank in the last 10 both in the density degree and mixed-use degree. • There is not an obvious relationship between the descriptive features(high density and mixed-use) and the changing process variable (intensification).

  41. Conclusion • The compact city paradigm is the developing trend of Chinese cities. • Set up a conceptual model of the compact city at large scale municipal cities in China, as well as the indicator system for measuring the degree of the compactness of large cities • Give a brief description of the existing degree of the compactness of the large municipal cities in coastal provinces

  42. Thank you! Questions and Comments are welcome!

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