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The History of Chemical Agents

The History of Chemical Agents. 2000 B.C. - 2005 A.D. 2300 B.C. The Chinese Army made use of chemical agents:. Used pots of burning red pepper and oil. Used ground pepper in rice paper bags. 431 B.C.

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The History of Chemical Agents

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  1. The History of Chemical Agents 2000 B.C. - 2005 A.D.

  2. 2300 B.C. The Chinese Army made use of chemical agents: • Used pots of burning red pepper and oil. • Used ground pepper in rice paper bags.

  3. 431 B.C. Peloponnesian Wars Wood was saturated with sulfur and pitch. A burning smoke was produced. Results were: 1. Disorientation 2. Eye closure 3. Choking

  4. 673 A.D. “Greek Fire” Ingredients: Sulfur, quick-lime, pitch, and petroleum. Results: This mixture would burn on top of water. It would cause choking and skin irritation.

  5. 1300 A.D. Siege of Taratine, Italy First documented use of bacteriological warfare. 1. 2,000 cartloads of horse manure were used to produce foul odor, flies, and disease. 2. Later, dead bodies were used to produce plague.

  6. Siege of Charleston, S.C. Confederate troops used wood saturated with sulfur, burning it to produce a choking smoke. A plan by Federal troops to use Chlorine gas to retake the fort was not used. 1864 Civil War First use of chemical agent on U.S. soil.

  7. 1869 Discovery of “CN” German Chemist Graebe CN was a lacrimator and became known as “weeping gas”. Later, it was called “tear gas”. It was not used for about 40 years.

  8. 1912 Civil Disorder in Paris *First documented use of chemical agents by law enforcement. *French Police load “CN” (EthylBromacetate) into military 37mm grenades. Riotous crowds were successfully dispersed.

  9. 1913 Germans discover“DM” Diphenylaminechlorarsine • Sickening Agent • Licorice odor • Pyrotechnic delivery

  10. 1915 April 22, 1915 in Northern France, Germans use chlorine gas causing 7,000 allied casualties. The French loaded CN into mortar shells as a “harassing agent”. Later, both sides used chlorine, phosgene and mustard gas.

  11. 1915

  12. 1916 • Gas Masks rushed to the front • Developed from mining technology • Battlefield tested and developed

  13. 1918 • Edgewood Arsenal refined DM • Major Roger Adams • Known as “Adamsite gas”

  14. 1920 “OC” Tincture Oleoresin Capsicum • Developed at Edgewood Arsenal by U.S. Army • Not used until the 1980’s. • All natural, non-synthetic. • Thought to be less effective than CN

  15. 1928“CS”Orthochlorobenzalmalononitrile • U.S.Chemists Carson and Sloughton develop it. • 1956 patented by British, • 1961 used by British on Cyprus, • Presently most used chemical agent by Law Enforcement.

  16. 1930 Acme Gas Axe

  17. 1954LAPD

  18. 1958 • UN bans DM as war gas • U.S. does not comply with ban • U.S. still stockpiles DM

  19. U.S. Army developed mask that would filter CS particles at 1-10 microns. (1 micron = 1/25,000 inch) Filter types Green = Riot Agents Black = Biological Gold = Radioactive 1960M-17 Gas Mask

  20. 1962“CR” • Developed by U.S.Army • Higginbottom and Suchitsky • Tested and used by British • Used by U.S. military police • Hand-held aerosol containers loaded by Federal Labs

  21. 1965Mace • Manufactured by General Ordinance (G.O.E.C) • .9-1% CN in a petroleum-based carrying agent. • Was most used agent in world.

  22. Initiated after the death of LA Times news reporter Reuben Salazar Regulated by DOJ Sales Transportation Use Training 1969Tear Gas Act of California

  23. 1969Ferret Rounds • AAI Corp. introduces 12-gauge liquid frangible shell. • CN & CS • 1970 37mm shell • 1985 40mm shell • 1991 OC ferrets • Powder payloads

  24. 1974 • U.S. Army approves CR as riot-control agent

  25. 1976 • Aberdeen Proving Grounds tests new mask • Forerunner of MCU-2P (Mickey Two)

  26. 1982OC • Discovered in 1920 Edgewood Arsenal • Re-discovered and introduced by Lucky Police Products in Florida • Marketed as “Cap Stun”

  27. 1983MCU - 2PNew Mask: Mickey Two • Standardized quick change filters to NATO spec • 1st 10,000 to USAF in 1983 by MSI Corp. • Filters-chemical, biological, radioactive

  28. 1984 • SDSO Reintroduces Gas Axe • Lake Erie Chemical Company

  29. 1985 Burn Box Introduced by San Diego Police SWAT Military Spec. Ammo Can with Ports

  30. 1986 • OSHA/NIOSH Regulations clarified • 29 CFR 1910.128 APR Standards • Military type masks not approved

  31. 1990OC • Def-Tec reintroduces OC nationwide: • Use is restricted by CA DOJ • Availability in California to be determined by Environmental Health Services.

  32. 1991M-40 GAS MASK • Combined M-17 and MCU-2P • U.S. Marines issued new mask • Later issued to all branches of the military

  33. 1992 R&M 40mm Launcher 2002 Model

  34. 1992OC • CA DOJ issues provisional use for 180 days: • Extended to 1995 • Two products: • Def-Tec and Cap-Stun • Law Enforcement Only

  35. 1994OC • DOJ approves use by citizens • As of March 1, 1994 citizens can carry OC with proper training • DEF-TEC has only legal product in California

  36. 1996DOJ DEREGULATES CHEMICAL AGENTS IN CALIFORNIA • Citizen certification program halted • Citizen use restricted to aerosols less than 2.5 oz • Unrestricted use by law enforcement

  37. 1999 Jaycor Tactical SystemsPepperBall • SA200 Rifle • Multiple versions • OC powder

  38. 2000 Gas Ram

  39. Gas Ram Deployment Visible Persistent Measured Dose

  40. 2001 • Fit Testing for gas masks/APRs • Qualitative Testing/Smell Test • Quantitative Testing/Instrument Rating

  41. 2001Gilbert Arizona • Home-made gas ram kills Sgt. Tom Hontz during training exercise in Arizona

  42. Gas Axe Explodes • Smoke Grenade • Ports Blocked • Poor Design

  43. 2001 1985 Aluminum Burn Safe Flame Trap

  44. 2001 • FN Herstal introduces FN 303

  45. 2001Penn Arms GL-1 40mm Mil-spec 40mm Shot Launcher

  46. 2001Penn Arms GL-6 40mm Mil-spec 40mm Shot Launcher

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