Chapter 15 “Organic Fuels”

1. Chapter 15 “Organic Fuels” Ms. Marcino Environmental Science Pgs 234 - 249

2. “The Need for ____________” • Many forms of _______ to meet the needs of ________ on Earth. • Energy cannot be _________ or ____________, only changed from one ______ to another.

3. Example: • Energy from the sun converted to chemical energy stored in plants. • When you eat, the stored energy is converted to heat, mechanical energy, and chemical energy used to carry out life processes. • Food is a form of fuel that your body uses for energy.

4. _______ from ____________ • Called ________________. • Contain _____________________________ ______________________________________. • Hydrocarbon: • Example: • Many organic fuels contain other chemicals as well (considered to be impurities in fuel).

5. Fuel: • Fossil fuel: • Central to life in modern societies. • 2 main problems: • 1. • 2.

6. 5 main purposes of fuels: • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • How suitable the fuel is depends on:

7. Electricity-Power on Demand • Energy in fuel often converted into • More convenient to use than coal, etc. • How is electricity generated? • Electric Generator: • Do this by moving

8. Most electric generators convert the movement of a turbine into electrical energy. • Turbine: • Usually, steam turns the turbine.

10. Coal fired power plant

11. Energy Use • World Patterns • People in developed societies use more energy than people in developing countries. • Differences within developed countries too. • Ex: Canada/US uses 2x that of Japan or Switzerland. • Energy Use in the United States • Uses more energy than all except Canada and United Arab Emirates. • Uses more than ____to transport goods and people by truck and personal vehicle. • Lowest fuel cost = • Japan and Switzerland have minimal fossil fuel and supplement with other energy sources.

14. Check for Understanding: Give 2 reasons why the United States uses more energy per person compared with most other countries.

15. How Fossil-Fuel Deposits Form Not distributed evenly.

16. Coal Formation • Forms from remains of plants that lived in swamps • Much in US formed 320 to 300 million years ago (vast swampland covered eastern US). • Coal in western US only 100 – 40 million years ago. • Ocean levels rose and fell = swamps covered with sediment. • First forms Peat: • Layers of sediment compress the peat into lignite: • Sediment compressed plant remains and heat and pressure within Earth’s crust caused coal to form.

17. Peat

18. Lignite

19. Oil and Natural Gas Formation • Result from • Remains buried by sediments and heated = • Molecules migrated into porous rocks.

22. Coal • Most of fossil fuel reserves made of coal. • Advantages:

23. Coal Mining and the Environment • Underground = • Surface mining • Remove top of entire mountain to reach coal. • Air Pollution • High grade coal produces less pollution and more heat. • Ex: bituminous coal: • Anthracite coal: • Low grade coal produces more pollution and less heat • Ex: lignate

24. Sulfur found in coal = pollution

25. Petroleum • Petroleum: • Petroleum product: • Ex: • Accounts for _____of world’s commercial energy use.

26. Locating Oil Deposits • Found in and around geologic features (folds, faults, salt domes) that trap oil as it moves in Earth’s crust. • Exploration wells drilled to determine volume and availability of deposit. • Wells drilled and oil pumped or flows to surface.

27. Natural Gas • _____of nonrenewable energy comes from natural gas. • Recovered from • Produces fewer

28. Fossil Fuels and the Future • Fossil fuels supply _____of the energy used in developed countries. • It is projected that by 2050, our energy needs will have DOUBLED. • Predicting Oil Production • Still increasing, but slowly. • Factors considered in oil predictions: • Oil Reserves:

29. Some oil deposits have not been discovered or become commercial. • Changes in technology to allow more oil to be extracted. • Relative cost of obtaining oil. • Future Oil Reserves • Geologists predict that oil production from fields accessible from land will peak in 2010. • Additional oil under ocean floor = more expensive.

30. The Environmental Effects of Using Oil • Pollution released into the air. • Contribute to formation of smog and cause health problems. • Carbon Dioxide released may contribute to global warming. • Oil spills

31. Biomass Fuels • Biomass Fuels: • Ex: • Garbage • The materials you throw away; composed mostly of organic material. • 2/3 of material in it can be burned; some cities burning garbage to generate electricity.

32. Methane • Swamp gas produced in swamps from decaying plants. • A naturally produced form of methane. • Alcohol • Bioconversion: • A hydrocarbon in which one of the hydrogens is replaced with an oxygen-hydrogen group.