BLOOD

1. BLOOD

2. What is Blood? Blood is a mixture of cells and a watery liquid, called plasma, that the cells float in. It also contains other things like nutrients (such as sugar), hormones, clotting agents, and waste products to be flushed out of the body

3. Facts of Red Blood Cells Red blood cells deliver oxygen and dispose of waste Average life cycle is 120 days Red blood cells are red because they contain a protein chemical called hemoglobin which is red in color Hemoglobin contains Iron, making it a perfect vehicle for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

4. Red Blood Cells & Folic Acid the body needs iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid (one of the B group of vitamins) to produce more red blood cells. If there is a lack of one or more of these nutrients, anaemia will develop Folic acid ( type of B vitamin) is needed for the formation of heme, the pigmented, iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin in red blood cells. A deficient intake of folic acid impairs the maturation of young red blood cells, which results in anemia.

6. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a component of red blood cells, and it is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout your body. Low hemoglobin levels mean that less oxygen is being delivered to your tissues and organs. This has been thought to increase your risk of infection, slow your body's ability to heal, and cause tissue and organ damage.

7. Hemoglobin The normal adult hemoglobin (Hbg) molecule contains 2 alpha-globulin chains and 2 beta-globulin chains. fetuses and infants, there are only a few beta chains and the hemoglobin molecule is made up of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains. As the infant grows, the gamma chains are gradually replaced by beta chains.

8. Hemoglobin Each globulin chain contains an important central structure called the heme molecule.

9. IMPORTANT! Hemoglobin also plays an important role in maintaining the shape of the red blood cells. Abnormal hemoglobin structure can, therefore, disrupt the shape of red blood cells WHY?

10. White blood Cells 3 types : granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. 3 types of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils What do each of these cells do to aid the body in remaining healthy?

11. Lymphocyte (white blood cells)

12. T Cells & B Cells T cells are processed in the thymus and secrete lymphokines Cells called macrophanges summon T4 cells to the site of the infection and present a protruding antigen onto which the T4 cell locks, thus "recognizing" the invading substance. The T4 cell then reproduces and secretes its potent lymphokine hormones that stimulate B-cell production of antibodies; signal "natural killer" or cytotoxic (cell-killing) T-cells; and summon more macrophanges to the site of the infection. T8-lymphocytes are T-lymphocytes displaying a surface molecule called CD8. T8-lymphocytes also have on their surface, T-cell receptors or TCRs

13. T CELLS Helper T Cells CD4 Antigen + MHC II Secretes IL-2 that activates B Cells and stimulate helper T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells a. CD8 b. Produce Preforin (make hole in infected cells) c. Antigen + MHCI

14. B Cells B cells are a type of white blood cell (called a b-lymphocyte) that produce antibodies. B cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrow.

16. Monocyte (white blood cells)

17. Neutrophils (granulocyte)

18. Eosinophil (granulocyte)

19. Basophil (granulocyte)

20. Diseases that result from Blood Disorders

21. Anemia and Red Blood Cells Anemia occurs when the level of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) in the body becomes too low Anemia mainly causes 3 things -excessive destruction of RBCs -blood loss -inadequate production of RBCs Anemia can result from inherited disorders, nutritional problems (such as an iron or vitamin deficiency), infections, some kinds of cancer, or exposure to a drug or toxin.

22. Hemolytic Anemia occurs when red blood cells are being destroyed prematurely bone marrow (the soft, spongy tissue inside bones that makes new blood cells) can't keep up with the body's demand for new cells. This disorder may occur because of infections or certain medications- such as antibiotics or antiseizure medicines

23. Hemolytic Anemia Spherocytes are red blood cells that are almost spherical in shape. They have no area of central pallor like a normal red blood cell. Large spherocytes (macrospherocytes) are seen in hemolytic anemia. Small spherocytes (microspherocytes) are sometimes seen in severe burn cases. A variety of spherical forms are seen in hereditary spherocytosis. The cells depicted in this image are from a patient with hereditary spherocytosis.

24. Sickle Cell Anemia Is a severe form of anemia found most commonly in people of African heritage the hemoglobin forms long rods when it gives up its oxygen, stretching red blood cells into abnormal sickle shapes This then leads to premature destruction of RBCs, chronically low levels of hemoglobin, and recurring episodes of pain, as well as problems that can affect virtually every other organ system in the body.

25. Thalassemia This condition is marked by abnormal and short-lived RBCs Thalassemia major (Cooley's anemia) - is a severe form of anemia where RBCs are rapidly destroyed and iron is deposited in the skin and vital organs Thalassemia minor involves only mild anemia and minimal red blood cell changes.

26. Symptoms this blood smear from an individual with thalassemia shows small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic), variously-shaped (poikilocytosis) red blood cells. These small red blood cells (RBCs) are able to carry less oxygen than normal RBCs.

27. Red Blood Cells & Iron Defeciency Iron-deficiency anemia is a common, easily treated condition that occurs when you don't have enough iron in your body Low iron levels usually are due to blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from foods Iron-deficiency anemia usually develops over time if your body does not have enough iron to build healthy red blood cells. Without enough iron, your body starts using the iron it has stored. Soon, the stored iron gets used up.

28. Immune System, White Blood Cells, T-Cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSpRpf1Ny9A