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Launching the New Republic

Launching the New Republic. Chapter 7 part II. What issues faced U.S. from 1793 – 1800?. Foreign Affairs Naval problems w/ Britain and France Native Americans Political parties & divisive politics Federalists vs. Republicans Elections of 1796 and 1800 Constitutional problems

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Launching the New Republic

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  1. Launching the New Republic Chapter 7 part II

  2. What issues faced U.S. from 1793 – 1800? • Foreign Affairs • Naval problems w/ Britain and France • Native Americans • Political parties & divisive politics • Federalists vs. Republicans • Elections of 1796 and 1800 • Constitutional problems • Social changes for women & non-whites

  3. Foreign Affairs • Problems w/ Britain • Impressment – to discourage US from helping France • British aid to Indians in Ohio Valley region • Solutions • Jay’s Treaty • Withdraw British troops from US soil • US gains trade access to markets in British West Indies • US gives up trade access to French colonies during war

  4. Foreign Affairs • Jay’s Treaty – effects on US • Economic • Stimulated US trade – w/ Britain and colonies in West Indies and India • Political • Avoided war w/ Britain • Increased divisions between Federalists and Republicans

  5. Foreign Affairs • Problems w/ Native Americans • Shawnees & allies challenging U.S. hegemony over Ohio Valley region • Solutions • Attempted treaty w/ Shawnee Indians & allies -- rejected by Shawnees • Military action – Shawnees defeated at Fallen Timbers by Gen. Mad Anthony Wayne • Treaty of Greenville – opened Ohio & Indiana to white settlement

  6. Foreign affairs • Problems w/ Spain • Spain aiding Indian resistance on frontiers • Solution? • Pinckney’s Treaty • Unrestricted, tax-free access to trade via Mississippi River • Spain takes down all forts in America • Spain recognizes 31st parallel as US southern boundary • Spain will discourage Indian attacks

  7. Foreign Affairs • Problems w/ France • France angry over Jay’s Treaty • Seizure of US ships • XYZ Affair • Quasi-War – naval war in Caribbean • France encouraging rebellious thought in US • Solutions? • Army increased • US gets naval aid from Britain – protects trade • Wins Quasi-War • Alien & Sedition Acts

  8. Constitutional Crisis • Alien & Sedition Acts – terms? • 1. est. procedures for dealing w/ possible foreign spies or saboteurs • 2. Pres. can deport “dangerous” foreigners w/ no proof of guilt • 3. residency req. for voting raised from 5 to 14 yrs • 4. Sedition Act – illegal to speak/write/print ideas critical of Pres. or gov’t

  9. Alien & Sedition Acts • Purpose? • Proposed, passed by Federalists (J. Adams Pres., Feds. Controlled Congress) • Discourage pro-French thought in US • Residency measure aimed to reduce Irish immigrant vote (usually voted for Republicans) • Stop Republicans from criticizing Federalists (law set to expire in 1801 in case Republicans won in 1800)

  10. Alien & Sedition Acts • Response? • Militias in VA and KY sign petitions against acts • Jefferson and Madison draft Resolutions against Acts • Jefferson writes Kentucky Resolution, Madison writes Virginia Resolution • Arguments of VA and KY Resolutions? • States have rights to determine if federal laws are unconstitutional • Jefferson introduces nullification – right of a state to “nullify” any federal law deemed unconstitutional

  11. Party Politics • How did Party politics affects Adams admin. (1796-1800)? • VP (Jefferson) from different Party • What did parties disagree over? • Basic human nature • Who should govern • Interpretation of constitution • Ideal economy • Centralized gov’t

  12. Press and Politics • Role of Press? • Newspapers partisan – owned by party supporters • Mudslinging: • Federalists accused of being Pro-British, elitist, wanting a hereditary aristocracy • Republicans accused of being pro-French, radical, “mob” mentality, rabble rousing, atheist

  13. Social Changes • Changes for Women? • Fewer arranged marriages (free choice) • Women had fewer children • Avg # of kids in NE down from 9 to 6 • Sexual double standard scrutinized (but not eliminated) • Divorce rates up • Subordinate status questioned (but not remedied) • Educational opportunities expanded

  14. Social Changes • Changes for African-Americans? • Progress stalled, gains erased • Free blacks stripped of vote in some places • Enlistment in military banned • Fed. Gov’t restricted citizenship to whites • Churches segregated services for free blacks • African Methodist Episcopal Church est. • Native Americans? • Many turned to alcoholism • Indian movement to combat alcoholism incl. adopting Christianity • Others went back to more traditional Indian culture, hatred of white culture

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