General Genetic

1. General Genetic Bio 221 Lab 6

2. Mendel’s Second Law • Law of Independent Assortment (The "Second Law") • The Law of Independent Assortment, also known as "Inheritance Law", states that alleles of different genes assort and distribute independently of one another , during gamete formation. Mendel’s Law animation: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/independentassortment.html http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/1002s.swf?SGWID=0-0-45-753210-0

5. Dihybrid-hybrid cross 1- Test cross (Ratio 1:1:1:1) 2-Cross (Ratio = 9:3:3:1)

6. Experimental The “Second Law in Drosophila Fly Meting between Parents ( 1Wild male ++ with 2female of vestigial wings (vg) and black body color , then wait ) : (F1 = Wild type , F2=9: wild type: 3 Vg type :3 e type: 1 vge )

7. CHI SQUARE TEST(X2) 1- The chi square test: • Chi-square (X2) is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. •  The chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result.  or the difference between your observed result and expected is probably due to random chance. 2- Determining the chi-square value H0 :( Null hypothesis) There is no significant difference between observed and expected H1:(Alternative hypothesis ) There is a significant difference . 3- Degrees of Freedom (df) •  Is a measure of how many values can vary in a final statistical calculation. • It calculates as= the number of categories – 1 • EX: there are 2 classes of offspring : Purple and white .Thus, degrees of freedom = 2-1 =1 . 4- Chi square formula:

9. Step-by-Step Procedure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating Chi-Square: 1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results. 2- Calculate  X2 using the formula. Complete all calculations to three significant digits. 3- Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the value. 4- Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate column. 5- Locate the value closest to your calculated  X2on that degrees of freedom df row. 6- Move up the column to determine the p value. 7- State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis. • If the p value for the calculated X2 s p > 0.05, accept your hypothesis. 'The deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it. A p value of 0.6, for example, means that there is a 60% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance only. • If the p value for the calculated  X2  is p < 0.05, reject your hypothesis, and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0.01 means that there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone. Therefore, other factors must be involved.

10. Mono-hybrid cross in corn 1- Test cross (Ratio= 1:1) 2-Cross (Ratio =3:1 ) Note: 95/ 33=3 33/33=1 Chi-square calculation

11. Apply X2  on first law of Drosophila fly • Breeding between Parent ( 1Wild male ++ with 2vestagial wings female) F1 = Wild type , F2= 3 wild type : 1 Vg type Chi-square calculation

12. degrees of freedom =2-1=1

13. Question • Suppose you counted the second generation of flowerd plant and you find that 95 of the flowers are red and 33 of them are white . • 1-95 flowers red • 2- 33 flowers white • Test your observation by doing the Chi-squre test and decide your conclusion . Degrees of freedom: 2 – 1= 1 X2 =      0.04 Conclusion: ( P < 0.05 ) so there is no significant differences between observed and expected frequencies and we accept the null hypothesis according to the ratio 3:1

14. How to calculate of expected in monohybrid ? • 1- monohybrid test cross 1:1 Expected : ½ ½ • 2- Monohybrid cross 3:1 Expected : ¾ ¼

15. Dihybrid-hybrid cross in corn 1- Test cross (Ratio 1:1:1:1) 2-Cross (Ratio = 9:3:3:1) Chi-square calculation

16. How to calculate of expected in Dihybrid ? • 1- Dihybrid test cross 1:1 :1:1 • Expected : ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ • 2- Dihybrid cross 9:3:3:1 • Expected : 9/16 3/16 3/16 1/16

17. Apply chi square test on the “Second Law in Drosophila Fly • Breeding between Parent ( 1Wild male ++ with 2vestagial wings female for ) (F1 = Wild type , F2= 9 ,3 ,3 , 1) Chi-square calculation

18. degrees of freedom=4-1=3

19. Question In pea plant pod shape can be swollen or pinched and the seed color can be either green or yellow. A plant with swollen yellow is crossed with a pinched green one and after self crossing we have the following data: 1-360 swollen yellow, 2-120 swollen green, 3-120 pinched yellow 4-40 pinched green. Test the observation by doing the Chi-square test and decide your conclusion. Degrees of freedom: 4 – 1= 3 Tabled = 7.815     Conclusion: X2= 0 so there is no significant differences between observed and expected frequencies and we accept the null hypothesis according to the ratio 9: 3: 3: 1.

20. Question : • In pea plant pod shape : • *Can be swollen or pinched • * And seed color can be either green or yellow . • A plant with swollen yellow is crossed with a pinched green one and after self crossing we have the following data : • 1- Swollen yellow =295 • 2-Swollen green = 108 • 3-Pinched yellow =101 • 4- Pinched green =32 • Test the observation by doing the chi-square test and decide your conclusion.