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Modelling Sustainable Urban Transport

Modelling Sustainable Urban Transport. Josef Janko. Overview. Transport Modelling Background City Examples Sustainable Transport Methods Examples Implementation of Project Features Modelling of City Structure Changes Indicator Determination Input for the Emission Model TREM. Overview.

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Modelling Sustainable Urban Transport

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  1. Modelling Sustainable Urban Transport Josef Janko

  2. Overview • Transport Modelling • Background • City Examples • Sustainable Transport • Methods • Examples • Implementation of Project Features • Modelling of City Structure Changes • Indicator Determination • Input for the Emission Model TREM

  3. Overview • Transport Modelling • Background • City Examples • Sustainable Transport • Methods • Examples • Implementation of Project Features • Modelling of City Structure Changes • Indicator Determination • Input for the Emission Model TREM

  4. Environment Economy Public Health Volumes, trip lengths, journey times Volumes, link lengths, journey times Volumes, trip lengths, journey times Volumes, speeds, trip lengths, number of cold starts, ratio hot/ cold driving Emission Volumes,trip lengths, journey times Transport Model Energy City Infrastructure Transport Modelling in the SUTRA Environment Demand:OD-matrices for different segments Supply:networks for different modes

  5. Transport Model : Software + Digital NetworkData Structural Data Traffic Behaviour Data

  6. Transport Model : the Demand Side ... • Population segmentation • Activity chains Trip Generation Activity Model • impedancematrix • servicequality • Attractiveness data of zones Trip Distribution Gravitation Model Structural and behavioural data • mode attributematrix Mode Choice LOGIT Model • specific mode preferences OD matrixmode 1 OD matrixmode 2 OD matrixmode n

  7. OD matrixmode 1 OD matrixmode 2 OD matrixmode n Transport Model : ... and the Supply Side • impedancematrix • servicequality Traffic Assignment Network Description Demand Model • modeattributematrix Traffic volumes, journey times, journey costs Evaluation of schemes

  8. Overview • Transport Modelling • Background • City Examples • Sustainable Transport • Methods • Examples • Implementation of Project Features • Modelling of City Structure Changes • Indicator Determination • Input for the Emission Model TREM

  9. Network Model Gdansk

  10. Network Model Geneva (1)

  11. Network Model Geneva (2)

  12. Network Model Genoa (1)

  13. Network Model Genoa (2)

  14. Network Model Lisbon (1)

  15. Network Model Lisbon (2)

  16. Network Model Tel Aviv (1)

  17. Network Model Tel Aviv (3)

  18. Network Model Thessaloniki (1)

  19. Network Model Thessaloniki (2)

  20. City Networks (1) : Model Statistics

  21. City Networks (2) : Junction Density

  22. City Networks (3) : Junction Density - Normalised

  23. Overview • Transport Modelling • Background • City Examples • Sustainable Transport • Methods • Examples • Implementation of Project Features • Modelling of City Structure Changes • Indicator Determination • Input for the Emission Model TREM

  24. Sustainable Transport • Objective: reduce the usage of private cars • Urban Planning: • mixed land use • high density land use to reduce trip lengths • Economic incentives to use desired transport modes in variable pressure: • improvement of public transport (new or better systems) • P+R • HOV lanes • bus lanes • usage charges (parking, area, roads) • removal of road space

  25. Private Transport Initial Public Transport Potential Final Modelling Park + Ride - Principle

  26. Modelling Park + Ride - Method • Define P&R interchange sites • for each city centre zone add a virtual private transport link at the P+R site with impedance = f(PuT price, PuT travel time, ...) and connect zone to the other end of the virtual link • Determine P&R demand • perform private transport assignment and determine proportion of demand using virtual P&R links • Split P&R demand off private transport demand • add a zone to each P&R site and connect to both private and public transport • subtract P&R demand from private demand • add back private transport leg (up to P&R zone) • add public transport leg (from P&R zone) to PuT demand • Assign changed public and private transport demands separately

  27. High Occupancy Vehicles • Focus in SUTRA: car pools • Incentives for participating in a car pool: • Availability of dedicated HOV lanes • Reserved parking spaces at convenient locations • Exemption from road pricing • Typical usage similar to Park & Ride • car pool members start their trips separately, • meet at an agreed place, • share one vehicle for remaining leg

  28. HOV - Method • Approach similar to Park & Ride • Define HOV as a new transportation system • Add HOV incentives to network, e.g. additional lanes reserved to transportation system HOV and closed for car etc. • Define HOV meeting places (zone + virtual link) • Adjust demand • Determine HOV demand • Split off HOV demand from private transport demand • Add back individual legs to private transport demand • Form HOV demand from shared legs • Reassign changed demand to network

  29. Road User Charging (1) • traditional approach: route choice depends on travel time • considering toll: route choice depends on travel time and costs problem: drivers have different sensitivity to costs („value of time“)

  30. Road User Charging (2) : Value of Time impedance CritR of a route R consists of a time component tR and a cost component cR. time and cost are connected through a VT [€ / h], [$ / h], ... CritR

  31. CritR Road User Charging (3) : Methods “traditional” toll assignment TRIBUT constant VT for all users randomly distributed VT bi-criterial mono-criterial

  32. Overview • Transport Modelling • Background • City Examples • Sustainable Transport • Methods • Examples • Implementation of Project Features • Modelling of City Structure Changes • Indicator Determination • Input for the Emission Model TREM

  33. Modelling of City Structure Changes • Conventional Demand Modelling • based on structural data (residents, work places, educational facilities, shopping facilities) • based on behavioural data (homogenous groups, trip chains, OD groups) • SUTRA Demand Modelling • „common“ „hypothetical“ scenarios • dedicated demand modelling beyond the project scope • derivation of the scenario demand from the analysis case.

  34. Demand Modelling Details • Trip generation • change of the sum of all trips in the demand matrices based on population and mobility rates • Mode share • individual treatment of the demand matrices • Trip distribution • sensitivity factor: small ... strong reduction of long distance trips • form factor: change of the ratio of trips between the zones.

  35. Common Scenarios Definition

  36. City Specific Input Data • original trip matrix • original distance matrix • parameter for the desired trip generation • Population • Mobility rates • parameter for the desired trip distribution • Sensitivity factor • Form factor

  37. City Specific Input Data

  38. Land Use Density (scenario examples)

  39. Scenario Example - Modified Land Use Intensity

  40. Overview • Transport Modelling • Background • City Examples • Sustainable Transport • Methods • Examples • Implementation of Project Features • Modelling of City Structure Changes • Indicator Determination • Input for the Emission Model TREM

  41. Indicator Summary (1) • Definition of indicators in Deliverable D08/A: Sustainability Indicators • Processing of transport model output to determine totals • ... for Private Transport • vehicle-km • vehicle-hrs • additional vehicle-hrs due to congestion • vehicle-hrs in traffic jams • ... for Public Transport • passenger-km • passenger-hrs • passenger-hrs in overcrowded vehicles • ... disaggregated by transport systems

  42. Indicator Summary (2) • Selection of a primary demand segment • ... is required for the calculation of cold flows • ... has to be defined before reading the network description to select only the required data

  43. Indicator Summary (3) • Reading of link data • journey times for private transport • speeds for private transport • disaggregated by link and transport system • Aggregation to network level indicators • vehicle-km, vehicle-hr • additional vehicle-hr due to congestion • vehicle-hr in jam • passenger-km, passenger-hr • passenger-hr in overcrowded vehicles

  44. Indicator Summary : City Comparison

  45. Overview • Transport Modelling • Background • City Examples • Sustainable Transport • Methods • Examples • Implementation of Project Features • Modelling of City Structure Changes • Indicator Determination • Input for the Emission Model TREM

  46. Cold Flows (1) • „Cold Flows“ = Flows of vehicles operated under cold engine conditions • 5 Pollutants • CO2 • CO • HC • NOx • FC • 3 vehicle categories • vehicles driven by petrol engine with catalyst • vehicles driven by petrol engine without catalyst • vehicles driven by Diesel engine

  47. Cold Flows (2) • Each trip starts with a cold engine • Three Vehicle Categories in the Primary Demand Segment only (due to computation time) • All other Private Transport demand segments: driven by Diesel engines • Default values for vehicle shares in the Primary Demand Segment can be modified

  48. Cold Flows (3) • Shares of vehicles in a link producing CO2 from a petrol engine with catalyst under cold conditions

  49. PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG D-76131 Karlsruhe www.ptv.de Thank you!Info@ptv.dewww.ptv.de

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