BIO DIESEL

1. BIO DIESEL Presented By: Alok raj, giacr engg college 09- 169

2. INTRODUCTION Today, Automobile industries are focusing on pollution (indirectly on global warming) and saving non-renewable.

3. Bio diesel is one of the best solution of above mentioned problems. Since it is a renewable energy, produce less emission and it is successfully implemented on existing systems (cars).

4. What is biodiesel? • General Definition: Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils such as soybean oil, and which meets the specifications of ASTM D 6751. • Additional Information: Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with petroleum-based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel is not raw vegetable oil. It is produced by a chemical process that removes glycerin from the oil.

5. What is biodiesel? • Technical Definition: Biodiesel, n—a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials) D 6751. Biodiesel Blend, n—a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel, designated Bxx, where xx represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.

6. Biodiesel Blends B100= 100% biodiesel B20= 20% biodiesel + 80% petroleum diesel B10= 10% biodiesel + 90% petroleum diesel B5= 5% biodiesel + 95% petroleum diesel B2= 2% biodiesel + 98% petroleum diesel

7. Biodiesel Users • Major Customers Include: • U.S. Forest Service • U.S. Postal Service • Yellowstone • Cities of Philadelphia and St. Louis • Florida Power & Light • Omaha Public Power • Medford N.J. School District

8. Chemistry of Biodiesel • Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…). • What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol and three fatty acids:

9. H O H | | | HCOR1 H HCO H O | | | | | HCOOR2 + HCONa +H2O  CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH | | | | HCOR3 H HCOR3 H | | | | H O H O Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O  Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH TransesterificationFirst step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide (minus Na) joins freed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins OH from water (from methoxide formation) to make NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.

10. Biodiesel Samples

13. High Lubricity High Electrical conductivity Cold flow impact (Cloud point) High Cetane Number High Flash point PROPERTIES

14. The lubricating property of fuel is important especially for rotary &distributor type fuel injection pump. Biodiesel fuel consisting of methyl esters of soybean oil has excellent scuffing and adhesive wear resistance that exceeds those of the best conventional diesel fuel. Lubricity

15. Biodiesel has sufficiently high conductivity that a static dissipater is typically not required. Blend of biodiesel (above 20% blend level) normally not require the addition of a static dissipater due to increase in conductivity imparted by the biodiesel. Electrical conductivity

16. The low temp operability is commonly characterized by cloud point, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) or low temp filterability test (LTFT). Cold weather can cloud any diesel fuel including biodiesel. Neat biodiesel will gel faster than petrodiesel in cold weather operation. Cold flow impact

17. With a flash point of 260 °F, biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration. This property makes biodiesel relatively safe to produce and vehicles fueled by pure biodiesel are far safer in accidents than ones powered by petroleum diesel or the explosively combustible gasoline . Flash Point

18. The cetane number refers to the ease with which the fuel ignites. Biodiesel has high cetane rating (minimum cetane of 47 which is higher than diesel) ignites readily and burns steadily & rapidly. Cetane Number

19. MYTHS &FACTS • Myth: Biodiesel is an experimental fuel & has not been thoroughly tested. • Fact: Biodiesel is most thoroughly tested alternative fuel in market.

20. Myth: Biodiesel doesn't perform as well as diesel. MYTHS &FACTS • Fact: One of the major advantages of Biodiesel is that it can be used in existing engines & fuel injection equipment with little impact to operating performance.

21. Myth: Biodiesel doesn't have self sufficient life. MYTHS &FACTS • Fact: A longer self life is possible depending upon self composition & use of storage enhancing additives.

22. Myth: Engine warranty coverage would be at risk. MYTHS &FACTS • Fact: The use of biodiesel in existing engines does not void parts & material workmanship warranties of any major US engine manufacturer.

23. Bio diesel is environmental friendly. It can help reduce dependency on foreign oil. It helps to lubricate the engine itself, decreasing engine wear. It offers similar power to diesel fuel. It is safer than conventional diesel. ADVANTAGES

24. Biodiesel is their least-cost-strategy to comply with state and federal regulations. Use of biodiesel does not require major engine modifications. The only thing that changes is air quality. Biodiesel has positive attributes such as increased cetane, high fuel lubricity & high oxygen content. ECONOMIC BENIFITS

25. Biodiesel contains fewer aromatic hydrocarbon: benzofluoranthene: 56 % reduction; Benzopyrenes: 71 % reduction . Biodiesel reduces emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) by approximately 50 % and carbon dioxide by 78 % on a net lifecycle basis. Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic posing no threat to human health. Biodiesel reduces by as much as 65 % the emission of small particles of solid combustion products. Biodiesel has higher cetane rating than petrodiesel . ENVIRONMENTAL BENIFITS

26. EMISSION • The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter compared to emissions from diesel fuel. • The ozone (smog) forming potentials of hydrocarbons is less than diesel fuel. • Sulfur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel .

27. Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel B100 ** B20 CO2 Diesel Mutagenicity n-PAHs PAHs Sulfates **NOx Particulate Matter CO Total Unburned HCs 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Percent ** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle

28. Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions B100 B100 = 100% Biodiesel B20 = 20% BD + 80% PD Electric Diesel Hybrid B20 Ethanol 85% Diesel LPG CNG Gasoline 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Data from “A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative Fuels”, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001

29. Gelling when the temperatures get below 40°F (4.4°C) or so, depending on the mix of esters . Hydrophilic. The presence of water in biodiesel is a problem for a number of reasons: Water reduces the heat of combustion. Water will cause corrosion of vital fuel system components: Water, as it approaches 32°F (0°C) begins to form ice crystal. PROBLEMS

30. Check fuel filters on the vehicles & in the delivery system frequently upon initial biodiesel use & change them as necessary. PRECAUTIONS • Be aware of biodiesel’s cold weather operation. • Be aware of biodiesel’s compatibility with engine components. • Wipe painted surfaces immediately when using biodiesel. • Use stored biodiesel with in six month.

31. Microalgae, organisms from which a diesel-like fuel can be derived: Cultured in the American southwestern deserts, NREL-developed microalgae may one day produce large amounts of lipids for conversion to bio diesel fuel. FUTURE

32. Thank You.