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The problem (and opportunity) of Air Quality in Cities

The problem (and opportunity) of Air Quality in Cities. Prof. Paul S. Monks. Western Europe. Moscow. Oil sands production. Paris. China’s industrial provinces. Po valley. Urumqi. Chicago. U.S. East coast. San Fransisco. Tehran. Tokyo. Los Angeles. Cairo. New Delhi. Riyadh.

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The problem (and opportunity) of Air Quality in Cities

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  1. The problem (and opportunity) of Air Quality in Cities Prof. Paul S. Monks

  2. Western Europe Moscow Oil sands production Paris China’s industrial provinces Po valley Urumqi Chicago U.S. East coast San Fransisco Tehran Tokyo Los Angeles Cairo New Delhi Riyadh Pearl river delta Power plants Mexico City Shipping routes Biomass burning São Paulo Johannesburg Highveld area Santiago Sydney Buenos AIres Air pollution Melbourne Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important ingredient in the formation of air pollution. This map shows the global distribution of tropospheric NO2 as observed from 2005 to 2008 by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Various sources of air pollution can clearly be distinguished: traffic, heavy industry, fossil fuel power plants, biomass burning, oil refineries, and shipping routes. OMI was built by The Netherlands and Finland and is onboard NASA's Aura satellite. low NO2 high NO2 more data and information can be found at www.temis.nl

  3. Air Quality “Around 90 % of city dwellers in the European Union (EU) are exposed to one of the most damaging air pollutants at levels deemed harmful to health by the World Health Organisation” European Environment Agency (October 2013)

  4. AQEG, London, March 2010

  5. What is the impact of Air Quality? AQ has implications for a number of contemporary issues including: • Human health, (e.g. respiratory, cancer, allergies…), • Eco systems (e.g. crop yields, acidification / eutrophication of natural ecosystems), • National heritage (e.g. buildings), • Regional climate (aerosol and ozone exhibit a strong regionality in climate forcing).

  6. AQ - What are the major components?

  7. The Urban Population Exposure The ISSUE, Feb14

  8. The Chains of AQ IMPACTS e.g.health POLICY OBSERVATIONS EMISSIONS

  9. Where are we now? a) Emission Trend (total UK) b) Birmingham centre Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate; March 2010 The ISSUE, Feb14

  10. Rural Background - Trends Weybourne, N. Norfolk. Zoe Fleming (ULeic) The Issue, Feb 14

  11. Some AQ Topics in Brief The ISSUE, Feb14

  12. Particles Leicester, 23/5/2013-5/6/2013

  13. Urban background PM2.5 concentrations are dominated by regional rather than local sources, PM from sources in continental Europe, probably as secondary PM, significantly affects concentrations in the UK. • High PM2.5 concentrations are frequently associated with air transported into the UK from continental Europe.

  14. A transect ... Henley upon Thames Southend upon sea

  15. Wood Smoke Prevalence of wood burning increasing, (re-)emergent issue in terms of AQ & health The Issue, 2014

  16. Changing emissions and ozone  Difference map for O3 concentrations (units are g m-3) in Paris change with zeroed out traffic emissions (Pandis et al., 2010).  Change in ozone 2008-1998 in UK (Summer) (VonSchneidemesser et al, 2014) The Issue, Feb 14

  17. Aerosols and other AQ agents on climate Air Quality “regulated?” aerosols are the largest factors offsetting greenhouse gas forcing!

  18. Parsing out the forcing agents ‘AIR QUALITY’ ‘CLIMATE’ Trop O3 Black Carbon CO2 Halo Carbs CH4 N4O Aerosols (direct + indirect) AQ or Climate “AQ” Ravishankara (NOAA) • Could climate goals be achieved, at least partially, by non-climate treaties? • Factors other than climate are also of major concerns regarding these forcing agents • AQ and climate policies & their impacts need to be examined together and based on sound scientific knowledge

  19. Mitigation of Short-Lived Climate Forcers Shindell et al, 335, 183 Science, 2012 The ISSUE, Feb14

  20. Trade-Offs VonSchneidermesser and Monks, ESPI,15, 1315, 2013

  21. Seven Facts from the 2013 “Year of the Air” (EEA) • More than 9 out of 10 city-dwellers in Europe are exposed to air pollutants above World Health Organisation guidelines • Air pollution legislation is not always fully implemented • Cutting air pollution may also help address climate change • In 2011, several EU Member States breached legal limits for air pollution, mostly for nitrogen oxides (NOx). Traffic is one of the main sources of NOx. • A growing body of scientific evidence suggests air pollution is more harmful than previously thought. • Air pollution also has an economic cost to society. • Many cities are taking positive steps to cut air pollution.

  22. Summary • Air pollution harms human health and the environment • Much success in reduction of emissions and general improvement in air quality in Europe. • The air quality problem persists especially in cities • Many of the pollutants have a complex regional and local interplay • PM2.5, NO2 and ozone (hemispheric) The ISSUE, Feb14

  23. THE ISSUE Workshop on Air Quality in Cities M. Petrelli - Roma Tre University The evaluation of road traffic emissions

  24. Whichevaluation and why………. • Model for emissions estimation in large scale urban network • Urban network  congestion • Large scale city (not single arterial) • with relatively low calibration & computational cost/time • taking into account different time slices (time variability) • taking into account queue phenomena • Evaluation of traffic management impacts from emissions point of view • Traffic management such as arterial signal optimization (cycle, phases, offset), ramp metering, one-way system, reversible lanes, ITS solutions and so on…… • optimum for traffic (generalized cost/time) ≠ optimum for emissions • Real time estimation

  25. State of the Art • Macroscopicmodelbased on v, k, q (CORINAIR) • reference model for estimatingemissions in Europe • [Lumbreras et al.; European Environment Agency] • in congested network, usuallymacroscopicmodelsunderestimateemissions • [Shukla-Alam; Rakha-Ding; Rouphail et al.] • 2) Microscopicmodelbased on vi, a, d, delay (MOVES) • mainlyuseful for emissionestimation in arterials or single intersection • [Stevanovicet al.] • goodresults in arterial or single intersectionoptimization • [Midnet et al.; Coelho et al.; Rakha et al.] Two main approaches: Microscopic (USA) based on the evaluation of driving phases of a vehicle (acceleration, steady state, deceleration) Macroscopic (EU) based on computation of specific vehicle emission factors, average vehicles speed and distance travelled Traffic model (congestion) Emission model Dispersionmodel

  26. Proposed approach MICRO (approach) MACRO (approach) Estimation of pollutant emissions in a large area network with a suitable level of accuracy Possible use of the model: Offline for planning Real Time for control MESO (approach) Mesoscopic: DTA (Dynamic Traffic Assignment) Large area road network 24 h analysis Realistic emissions estimation

  27. New Model for emissionestimation The idea is to divide each link in 3 different parts: • LA - vehicles are at free-flow speed • LB - vehicles are in queue • LC - vehicles are in acceleration phase Post processor module: Model for queue assessment + Assessment of 3 differentemissionfactors

  28. Application in Brindisi network • The model has been applied to the city of Brindisi (100K inhabitants) • Traffic flows have been simulated from 5 am to 23 pm • 884 links • 306 nodes • 14 signalized intersection

  29. Application in Brindisi network Total daily CO emission at intersections Level of congestion in the road network

  30. Emissionscomparison Low congestion in the network – very similar emission values

  31. Emissionscomparison Low congestion in one arteria – large difference in emission values

  32. Emissionscomparison Low congestion in the network – very similar emission values

  33. Impact evaluation of differentpolicies

  34. Application in Eur Rome network

  35. Application in Eur Rome network High congestion in the network – large increase in emission values

  36. Application in Eur Rome network High congestion in the network – large increase in emission values

  37. Model Layout Meso-simulation model (Dynameq) has been used to evaluate traffic congestion and related traffic flow parameters CORINAIR has been used to evaluate the specific vehicle emissions Dispersion model has to be developed to estimate air pollutants dispersion Need of dispersion model and data for model validation

  38. Breakout Sessions Optimal use of road traffic and travel data – Roland Leigh – Lecture Theatre Promotion of multimodal journeys – Josh Van Hey – Bell Restaurant Uptake of public transport – Marco Petrelli – Bell Restaurant Improving emissions using alternative fuels – Teresa – Murdoch Room Local Government Policy – Craig Brown – Brunel Room

  39. Breakout Sessions Feedback from breakout Sessions - Facilitators Conclusions

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