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Developments on Biotech and Biosafety West Asia and North Africa

Developments on Biotech and Biosafety West Asia and North Africa . M. Baum, The Internartional Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466 Aleppo Syria. AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt. Introduction.

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Developments on Biotech and Biosafety West Asia and North Africa

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  1. Developments on Biotech and Biosafety West Asia and North Africa M. Baum, The Internartional Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466 Aleppo Syria AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  2. Introduction

  3. Proteomics 4 4. Genomics Bioinformatics Genetic engineering of animals 3. Genetic engineering of plants 3 Modern Biotechnology Genetic engineering of microbes Recombinant DNA technology Rising cost 2. Molecular breeding 2 Monoclonal antibody production Embryo transfer in animals Traditional Biotechnology 1 1. Plant tissue culture Biological nitrogen fixation Microbial fermentation Increasing efficiency Gradients of Biotechnology 5 5. Biosafety Introduction AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  4. Plant tissue culture Introduction 1. Plant Tissue Culture Date palm production via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis: UAE, Morocco, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, etc. Other tissue culture techniques used: production of virus free planting material such as seed potatoes, citrus, bananas, ornamental plants AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  5. Plant tissue culture Introduction Doubled Haploids in Cereals Aim: Development of homozygous (true-breeding lines) to speed up development of breeding lines Doubled haploids (Algeria, INRA-Tunisia, INRA-Morocco, Sudan, ICARDA) AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  6. Proteomics 4 4. Genomics Bioinformatics Genetic engineering of animals 3. Genetic engineering of plants 3 Plant tissue culture Modern Biotechnology Genetic engineering of microbes Recombinant DNA technology Rising cost Introduction 2. Molecular breeding 2 Monoclonal antibody production Embryo transfer in animals Traditional Biotechnology 1 1. Plant tissue culture Biological nitrogen fixation Microbial fermentation Increasing efficiency Gradients of Biotechnology 5 5. Biosafety Introduction AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  7. Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction 2a. Collection and Molecular Characterisation of Plant Genetic Resources • National Genebanks e.g. Morocco, Egypt, Iran, Algeria etc • International Gene bank efforts: ICARDA (133,000 accessions) • Genetic characterisation of germplasm accessions with molecular markers: AFLPs, SSRs, SNP etc. • Development of Core Collections AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  8. Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction • 2b. Molecular Breeding • Genetic mapping with molecular markers: AFLPs, SSRs, SNP etc. • Evaluation of resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses • Correlation and creation of QTL maps • Marker-Assisted Selection with diagnostic markers

  9. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction Examples of Marker-Assisted Selection Scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) Resistance Gene Rrs1 on Chromosome 3H in Barley Molecular marker efforts in: Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Tunisia, Sudan, Iran, Turkey, etc. AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  10. Genetic engineering Proteomics 4 4. Genomics Molecular breeding Bioinformatics Genetic engineering of animals 3. Genetic engineering of plants 3 Plant tissue culture Modern Biotechnology Genetic engineering of microbes Recombinant DNA technology Rising cost Introduction 2. Molecular breeding 2 Monoclonal antibody production Embryo transfer in animals Traditional Biotechnology 1 1. Plant tissue culture Biological nitrogen fixation Microbial fermentation Increasing efficiency Gradients of Biotechnology 5 5. Biosafety Introduction AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  11. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction

  12. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction AARINENA Biotechnology Network Meeting, Cairo 15-16 December, 2007

  13. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction AARINENA Network Meeting, Cairo 15-16 December, 2007

  14. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction Status of plant genetic engineering research atAGERI/Egypt AARINENA Biotechnology Network Meeting, Cairo 15-16 December, 2007

  15. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction Status of plant transformation at ABRII/ Iran

  16. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction ICARDA Legume Crops AARINENA Biotechnology Network Meeting, Cairo 15-16 December, 2007

  17. Genetic engineering 1 2 3 4 Molecular breeding Surface sterilization Wounding Plant tissue culture Putative transgenic explants Selection (Kanamycin, Basta) Introduction 8 7 6 5 Co cultivation 5 confirmation Elongation Transferring into pots Lentil transformation systems AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  18. Genetic engineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction Wheat transformation procedure ollaboration with CBS, Tunisia and AGERI, Egypt Induced callus and somatic embryos on scutellum of immature embryos Immature embryos (10-12 days post-anthesis) Wheat plants growing in the field with spikes Selection and regeneration of transgenic wheat plants Gene gun bombardment

  19. Geneticengineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Introduction Genes/Phenotype Category for Legume and Cereal Transformation at ICARDA

  20. Establishment of a Containment Facility at ICARDA, July 2007-July 2009 (AFESD-biotech Phase 2) Duration: July 2007- June 2009 Budget: US$ 850.000 AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  21. Testing of plant quarantine diseases e.g. rust pathogens Rust Pathway East Africa-onward Occurrence and Movement of Air borne Pathogens

  22. Genomics Proteomics 4 4. Genomics Bioinformatics Geneticengineering Genetic engineering of animals 3. Genetic engineering of plants 3 Modern Biotechnology Genetic engineering of microbes Molecularbreeding Recombinant DNA technology Rising cost 2. Molecular breeding 2 Monoclonal antibody production Embryo transfer in animals Traditional Biotechnology 1 1. Plant tissue culture Biological nitrogen fixation Microbial fermentation Increasing efficiency Plant tissue culture Gradients of Biotechnology 5 5. Biosafety AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  23. Genomics Geneticengineering Molecularbreeding Plant tissue culture Identification of Candidate Genes with Microarrays: Genomics DNA-microarrays is a modern method, that allows to analyse the genes of cells during different growth stages For the transcription analysis mRNA is extracted from cells that were grown under different environmental conditions, and labelled with two different fluorescent dyes The labelled nucleic acids are then hybridised with the microarrays and the fluorescence intensity of the individual spots quantified through laser light. Up- and down-regulated genes are identified X barley 1 Gene Chip: 22.000 Genes AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  24. tolerant tolerant susceptible H.spontaneum Genotype 2 Genotype 1 2a. Relativer Chlorophyll Contents Tage nach Behandung TagenachBehandung Tage nach Behandung 2b. Ratio of Fv/Fm H.spontaneum Genotyp 2 Genotyp1 Days after Treatment Days after Treatment Days after Treatment Figure 2 Chlorophyll contents and maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) of three genotypes (Martin, HS41-1 and Morocco9-75) under well-watered conditions (70% available water in the soil) and drought stress (10% available water in the soil). Results are presented as mean ± SE of six individual measurements.

  25. Genomics Geneticengineering Molecular breeding Plant tissue culture Use of Microarrays and qPCR • 77 genes significantly regulated at severe drought stress during heading stage could putatively be only responsive genes to drought stress. e.g. dehydration-resp. protein RD22, heat shock protein-like, dehydrin 3, protein kinase SPK-3, etc • 372 genes differentially are the specific/ responsible genes for drought tolerance in Tadmor during heading stage. e.g. serine/ threonine kinase-like protein, pathogenesis related protein-1 and 4, PRB1-2, PRB1-4, ABC transporter family protein, organic anion transporter, glutathione S-transferase, etc.

  26. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. Current Status of Biotechnology for Crop production in the dry areas AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  27. Proteomics 4 4. Genomics Bioinformatics Genetic engineering of animals 3. Genetic engineering of plants 3 Modern Biotechnology Genetic engineering of microbes Recombinant DNA technology Rising cost 2. Molecular breeding 2 Monoclonal antibody production Embryo transfer in animals Traditional Biotechnology 1. Plant tissue culture 1 Biological nitrogen fixation Microbial fermentation Increasing efficiency Gradients of Biotechnology 5 5. Biosafety Introduction AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  28. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. International Regulatory Developments Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety2003, September: Biosafety Protocol comes into force • Legally binding framework for international movement of living GMOs • Does not dictate national regulations; • Provides strong incentive for harmonisation • Distinguishes between import for planting or for food • Establishes Biosafety Clearing House (BSC) • Does not oblige countries to create full regulatory system • Risk assessment and risk management • Unintentional /illegal transboundary movement • Capacity Building • Public Awareness and participation • Socio-economic considerations • Liability and redress • Financial mechanism AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  29. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. National Biosafety Frameworks (NBFs) • Article 8g of the CBD and Article 2 of the CPB: • “…Each Party shall take necessary and appropriate legal, administrative and other measures to implement its obligations ….” • NBFs vary from country to country, but usually have a number of • common components: • A policy on biotechnology and biosafety • Regulatory framework for biosafety • System to handle notifications/requests for permits • Systems for enforcement and monitoring • Public information and public participation AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  30. Development of National Biosafety Framework • Duration of the project: • 18 months (September 2006) • Finance: • UNEP – GEF • Responsibility: • Ministry of Environment in cooperation with other ministries and organizations. Source: B. Safadi AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  31. Biosafety regulations have been enacted in Syria as of 2001 Relevant Laws Syrian Agriculture Quarantine Law 237 dated 1960 Decree 91 of the Syrian Ministry of Agriculture dated 1991 Syrian Law 158 (prevention of fraud and cheating) dated 1960 and its modifications Source: B. Al-Safadi

  32. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. Current status of National Biosafety Frameworks in West Asia and North Africa 11 Countries have completed their NBF under UNEP-GEF projects: Algeria, Egypt*, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania*, Syria, Tunisia*, Yemen Countries developing NBFs without GEF support: Oman, Saudi Arabia *These countries completed their NBFs under the UNEP-GEF pilot projects 1997-99 Source: N. Mohamed AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  33. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. Regional Project on Biotechnology and Biosafety for Agriculture and Environment in the WANA sub-region. • Which Countries will participate in the Project? • West Asia: • NBF Implementation (5) – Iran*, Jordan*, Lebanon, Syria*, and Yemen*; • NBF Development (2) - Iraq, Palestinian Authority. • Other partner countries (4) – Kuwait*, Oman*, Qatar*, Saudi Arabia*. • North Africa: • NBF Implementation (8) – Algeria*, Egypt*, Ethiopia*, Libya*, Mauritania*, Morocco, Sudan*, Tunisia*. • Note: • *These countries are Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) • This project is a joint initiative between FAO, ICARDA, and UNEP, and will build on each agency’s comparative advantage

  34. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. What is the overall Project Objective? To develop and strengthen biosafety capacity in WANA sub region to promote agricultural and environmental sustainability through the implementation of national biosafety frameworks (NBF), capacity building for the safe development and application of biotechnology, information sharing, regional cooperation, and strengthening of regional institutions and cooperation. AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  35. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. What will the Project aim to achieve? • Implementation of NBFs in the countries of the WANA sub-region, resulting in fully operational and effective NBFs in place in all CPB Parties. By the end of the project in 2012, each Party will have: • Integrated biosafety & biotechnology into national development plans & policies; • Regulatory systems (laws and regulations) in place for handling GMOs; • Systems in place for handling requests for GMOs including risk assessment, decision-making, risk management and risk communication; • Systems in place for monitoring; enforcement, and emergency responses for GMOs; • Systems in place for public awareness, education, participation and access to information; • Increased capacity for Biosafety management including: trained human resources; strengthened institutions; and the necessary decision tools, technical and laboratory facilities for risk assessment and management. AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  36. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. Capacity building and establishment of mechanisms for regional cooperation on biosafety and biotechnology in WANA • resulting in a fully functional regional framework for cooperation on biosafety and biotechnology. By the end of the project, the sub-region will have in place: • An Inventory of national and regional biosafety, biotechnology and biodiversity resources and capacity building needs; • National and sub-regional strategies for biosafety and biotechnology; • Common approaches, including decision aiding tools, for risk assessment, risk management, risk communication, and monitoring of GMOs; • Common approaches, including decision aiding tools, for consideration of religious, ethical and socio-economic issues in decision-making on GMOs; • Strengthened national and regional centres of excellence and reference laboratories; • Regional networks, including a regional BCH, for sharing information, reference data and on-line technical and training resources on biosafety and biotechnology in Arabic and other regional languages.

  37. Biosafety Genomics Gen.engineering Molecularbreeding Tissue C. Capacity building for safe development and application of Biotechnology • resulting in improved food security and sustainable management of agro-biodiversity in the WANA sub-region. By the end of the project, the sub-region will have in place: • An inventory of strategic crops and important biotic and abiotic stresses; • Strategic application of GM and non-GM biotechnology to resolve major constraints to environmental and agricultural sustainability; • Characterization of national and regional germplasm base for key agronomic crops; • Agreed mechanisms for sharing of genetic resources within the sub-region. AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

  38. Thank you for your attention AARINENA Agricultural Biotechnology Network Expert Meeting,15-16 December 2007, Cairo-Egypt

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