EXAM 1 Performance (After the curve)

1. EXAM 1 Performance(After the curve)

2. Emile Durkheim The “Chicago School” Social Disorganization Social Structure I

3. French Scientist • Suicide • Humans nature: selfish and insatiable • Effective Societies able to “cap” desires • Socialization & Social Ties • Special concern with “Industrial Prosperity” • Coined the Term “Anomie”: • Institutionalized norms lose ability to control human behavior and human needs Emile Durkheim (late 1858-1917)

4. Durkhiem’s Legacy Rapidly Changing Society “Industrial Prosperity” Anomie (Norms are Weakened) Human Nature as Insatiable; must therefore cap or control Social Ties Important The Anomie/Strain Tradition (Next Week) The Social Disorganization and “Informal Control” Tradition (Today/Tuesday)

5. “Social Pathologists” (1900-1930) • Cities as “bad” and “corrupting” • Immigrants as amoral and inferior • Chicago School (1930s) • University of Chicago (Sociologists) • Tie to Durkheim: City/Societal Growth • Worry over lack of integration (and control) Meanwhile, back in America

6. How does a city growth and develop? • Concentric Zones in Chicago Park & Burgess (1925) Industrial zone Zone in transition Residential zones

7. Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas 1942. • Mapped addresses of delinquents (court records) • Zone in transition stable and high delinquency rates over many years • Implications of these findings: 1. Stable, despite multiple waves of immigrants!! 2. Only certain areas of the city Something about this area causes delinquency Shaw and McKay

8. What were the characteristics of the zone in transition that may cause high delinquency rates? • Population Heterogeneity • Population Turnover • Physical Decay • Poverty/Inequality • Why might these ecological characteristics lead to high crime rates? Social Disorganization

9. 1. Social Control • Little community “cohesion,” therefore, weak community institutions and lack of control • Borrowed from Durkheim here: humans need to be controlled or deviance and crime will result. 2. Cultural Transmission of Values • Once crime becomes rooted in a neighborhood, delinquent values are passed trough generations of delinquents Explaining high crime in the zone of transition

10. Fell out of favor in sociology in 1950s • Individual theories gained popularity • Criticisms of Social Disorganization • Use of “Official Data” • Are these neighborhoods really “disorganized?” • Cannot measure “intervening variables” • “Chicago Specific” (not all cities grow in rings) Social Disorganization 1960-1980

11. Interest rekindled in the 1980s • Continues today with “ecological studies” • Reborn as a pure social control theory (left behind “transmission of values”) • Addressing criticism • “Concentric rings” not necessary, it is simply a neighborhood level theory • Ecological characteristics do affect a neighborhoods level of informal control Modern S.D. Theory

12. Sampson and Groves (1989) Using British Crime Survey Data (BCS) • ECOLOGICAL • CHARACTERISTICS • Population turnover • Poverty / inequality • Divorce rates • Single parents • SOCIAL CONTROL • Street supervision • Friendship networks • Participation in • organizations

13. Replicated results in Chicago • Areas with “concentrated disadvantage,” (poverty, race, age composition, family disruption) lack “collective efficacy” • Willingness to exercise control (tell kids to quiet down) • Willingness to trust or help each other • Lack of collective efficacy increases crime rates Sampson (1997)

14. Sampson Friends (1997-Present) Version Data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods • Concentrated • Disadvantage • (Ecological) • Population turnover • Poverty / inequality • Race composition • Family disruption • Physical decay • Collective • Efficacy • Willingness to • supervise/confront • in neighborhood • Mutual trust and • willingness to help • neighbors • CRIME • Homicide • Violence as • “problem” • Victimization

15. Macro (Neighborhood) level theory • Explains why certain neighborhoods have high crime rates • Theory of “Places,” and not “People” • Not all people who live there are “crime prone,” in fact most are law-abiding • Not simply a result of “bad people” moving into certain neighborhoods Review of Social Disorganization

16. William J. Wilson (Concentrated Poverty) • The “Underclass” or “Truly Disadvantaged” • Cultural Isolation no contact with “mainstream” individuals/institutions • Little respect for “life” • Hyper materialism, violence as “normative” • Some believe recent “crime drop” reflect move away from these values • Elijah Anderson • Code of the Streets • Disrespect and fear of disrespect at heart of code RETURN OF THE “CULTURAL TRANSMISSION”

17. Robert Bursik • Residents of the zone in transition lack “political capital” • Inadequate access to public services Beyond “Informal” controls

18. William Julius Wilson and Robert Sampson • High proportion of the current members of the “Zone in Transition.” • Public Policy made matters worse (high rise “projects” of the 1950s-60s) • Why do African Americans not “move out” like prior ZIT residents (immigrants)? • Housing Segregation • Loss of Manufacturing Jobs • The irony of “Black Flight” S.D. as an explanation for high rates of African American offending

19. Clarify the “cultural component” • Issue of “disrespect” rooted in legacy of racism and despair (e.g., based on reality). • Idea of “cognitive landscape” • When violence is a regular part of reality, it seems more “normal” as a response. Sampson and Wilson II

20. Build neighborhood “collective efficacy” • How do you do this? • Address ecological characteristics that ruin collective efficacy • Family disruption, concentrated poverty, residential mobility • Moving to Opportunity Program in Baltimore • Randomly moved 200 families from high poverty to low poverty—then track the children • Community Policing Movement Policy Implications?

21. What in the video clip can you connect to social disorganization theory? • Ecological factors? • Social control? • Cognitive landscape? Feature Presentation + Group WOrk