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WWII

WWII. An overview. Nations post WWI. Russia- left WWI early Russian Revolution Staggering defeats Lost land because of treaty signed with Germany Communist country, ran now by a Totalitarian leader Josef Stalin. France- post WWI. Depression Still a world power

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WWII

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  1. WWII An overview

  2. Nations post WWI • Russia- left WWI early • Russian Revolution • Staggering defeats • Lost land because of treaty signed with Germany • Communist country, ran now by a Totalitarian leader Josef Stalin

  3. France- post WWI • Depression • Still a world power • Had insisted on revenge for WWI with Germany • Had Maginot Line to make them feel very comfortable

  4. Great Britain • Global Depression • Trying to rebuild the country and industry • Chamberlain creates APPEASEMENT policy • “peace in our time”

  5. USA • Largest world power • Refuse to sign the Versailles Treaty • Withdraw into isolationism • Providing 50% of the world’s goods • Give economic aid to Germany • DEPRESSION-stock market crash • FDR

  6. Italy • Had been an Allied power during WWI • Upset about not getting rewards after the war • Depression • Benito Mussolini takes over the country • Fascism - militant • Totalitarianism- controlling country by 1 leader, 1 party, censorship, controlling religion, work, politics, social life

  7. China • Bouncing back and forth between communism and a dictatorship • Chaing Kai-Shek changes from communism • Revolutions in the country

  8. Japan • Very militant • Planning a takeover of Asia for years • Industrializing - USA and Britain refuse to sell them goods after a time • Government is weak- half democratic, but ruled by emperor • Parliament is seen as a failure with the depression and military leaders take over

  9. Germany • Treaty of Versailles has left them in ruins • Germans have much bitterness towards the rest of Europe • Lost land, money, given war guilt • Serious depression- 1923 loaf of bread costs 1 billion marks! • Hitler comes to power making promises and is named Chancellor

  10. In the end • No one was happy with the Treaty of Versailles • Americans felt it was too harsh and withdrew from European politics • France wanted to make sure Germany was left weak and unable to start another war and ensure themselves as a super power • England wanted reparations for injured and widowed, but also didn’t want France to have the ultimate control, they needed Germany to build their industry • Italy- didn’t get much of anything out of the deal and were upset. • LEAVES anger, mistrust, and vengeance

  11. Japan takes over Asia • In the 1920s, Japan’s military leaders invade China • Their occupation begins in Manchuria - industrialization • Planning for decades • Withdraw from the League of Nations, after criticism • Full blown invasion begins in 1937 • Horrors happening in Asia

  12. Italy and Ethiopia • League’s inaction causes Mussolini’s action • Mussolini wants his own colonial empire after previously being defeated by Ethiopia, chooses it to invade • Appeasement is practiced, he’s allowed to conquer Ethiopia - even using Suez Canal controlled by British to get weapons there • Selassie warns LofN, “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.” They still do nothing.

  13. Hitler defies Versailles Treaty • Begins rearming and rebuilding the army • Banners in Germany read “Today Germany! Tomorrow the World!” • Starts arming Germany using Soviet land • 1936- Moves troops into the Rhineland • 1937- Hitler makes the move to annex Austria also forbidden by the treaty. • Next move was Czechoslovakia, Hitler demanded the Sudentenland

  14. Munich Conference • France and Britain were preparing for war with Hitler’s new demand • Mussolini suggested the Munich conference • Once again they chose appeasement • They give him the Sudetenland • Within 6 months he took the rest of Czechoslovakia

  15. Nazis and Soviets • Non-aggression pact • Britain and France tried to talk to Stalin and get him to join them in an alliances to stop aggression • Upset about being left out of Munich • Stalin and Hitler were in their own talks • In August of 1939, then sign a non-aggression pact vowing never to attack each other

  16. Attack on Poland • Hitler wants the Polish Corridor returned to Germany • Attacks on Sept. 1, 1939 • USSR and Germany decide to divide Poland amongst each other, USSR invades Sept. 17th • Stalin would also get the territory lost in WWI back • Germany’s 1st attempt at Blitzkrieg

  17. The Phony War • After the invasion of Poland • Great Britain and France declare war on Germany, Sept. 3, 1939 • Do nothing for months • April 9, 1940, the phony war ends with Hitler’s surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway

  18. Battle for Great Britain and France • Hitler sweeps through Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg- keeping attention of France • Comes in through the Ardennes • Sweeps through and defeats France easily • Huge rescue of Allied troops at Dunkirk by sea merchants- 338,000

  19. Vichy France • France’s defeat certain- Mussolini now declares war on them also • Henry Petain takes over as Prime Minister and establishes a puppet government in the south called Vichy France

  20. Attacks on Great Britain • Charles de Gaulle had escaped to London to run an exile government for France • OPERATION SEA LION- Hitler’s plan to take over GB • Take out air force, constant bombings day and night of cities, especially London • Had radar and enigma on their side to fight on • Night raids- civilians spent night in subways or bomb shelters • Battle of Britain continued until 1941 when Hitler gave up

  21. North Africa • Mussolini needs to earn his “spoils” • Moves in and takes Libya • Wanting to move on British controlled Egypt and especially the Suez Canal • By the end of 1940, they were 60 miles in Egypt • 1941, British move them back 500 miles • Hitler sends Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox to save Italians with the Afrika Korps • Series of advances and retreats

  22. Balkans • Hitler had decided to turn on the USSR • Needed the Balkan countries to do so • Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary join Axis powers • Yugoslavia and Greece fight, lasting only 11 and 17 days • He now has a clear road to USSR

  23. Invading the Soviet Union • Hitler’s double cross happens in June of 1941 • By September, he had Leningrad in siege, bombed food storage, in a city of 2.5 million, 1 million perish that winter and still don’t surrender • Moves on Moscow, fails to remember Napoleon and the Russian Winter • Germans in their summer uniforms are NOT prepared, lose 500,000 men

  24. So where’s the USA? • ISOLATIONISM! • Didn’t want to get involved in Europe’s problems again • Neutrality acts passed from 1937-1939 • But FDR convinces them in 1939, to enact cash and carry • Lend-Lease Act- FDR orders ships to accompany, Hitler orders they are to be sunk • After an attack by Hitler, FDR orders they fire on German subs and undeclared naval battle ensues

  25. Japan in the Pacific • Japan is building its own empire, overcrowded and need more room • After a long costly invasion of China, look at European colonies • We had learned to decode their messages and knew of their plan to take over Asia • America and Britain cut off supplies to them • Irosoku Yamamoto points to Pearl Harbor as a dagger pointed at Japan’s throat

  26. Pearl Harbor • Dec. 7, 1941, soldiers awoke to bombing • We had known attack was coming but, not when or where • Within 2 hours, they had killed 2,400 Americans, destroyed 18 ships including 8 battleships • Almost the entire Pacific Fleet • FDR in declaring war on Japan calls it “a date which will live in infamy” the following day the United States had entered war

  27. Japanese victories • Japan was quick to move in the Pacific • P. 828- take Guam and Wake Islands, and Philippines • By Feb. 1942- had moved on Hong Kong and Singapore • March 1942- Conquered East Indies, moved on Burma and could now close off the Burma Road forcing China into submission • Bataan Death March and other horrors • Not Asia for Asians, but pure conquerors

  28. Allies come back • Primarily Americans and Australians • Doolittle and his crew of 16 B-25 bombers attack Tokyo- doesn’t cause damage, but psychologically it does • Battle of Coral Sea-Becomes an aerial fight with planes taking off from carriers • Successful in stopping further expansion by Japan, other we lost more ships

  29. Battle of Midway • USA had decoded Japan’s plan • Nimitz allows Japan to attack Midway, as they wait on the horizon • Japan outnumbers 4-1 • Nimitz attacks as planes are flying in or on deck • Americans destroy 322 planes, 4 aircraft carriers, and 1 support ship • Pearl Harbor avenged and this is the turning point in the Pacific Campaign.

  30. Island Hopping • General Douglas MacArthur • “Hit ‘em where they ain’t, let ‘em die on the vine” • Battle of Guadalcanal- Japanese building a strongpoint- known as “the Island of Death” p. 830 • 23,000 out of 36,000 Japanese soldiers die here • MacArthur’s campaign is going well, however, Japanese willing to fight to the death

  31. The Tide Turns • North Africa, under the Command of Bernard Montgomery • El Alamein pushes Rommel out of Egypt with a night frontal attack • Operation Torch- led by Dwight D Eisenhower attacked from Morocco and Algeria • Smashing Rommel’s forces inbetween the two armies North Africa is won in 1943

  32. Turning the tide in the Soviet Union • After the horrible winter, German forces renew in Spring • Battle of Stalingrad- wanted resources in the Caucasus Mountains and the industry of the city • After taking over 90% of the city, another Russian winter set in • Feb. 1943 Germans surrender after Stalin closes them in • Out of 330,000 soldiers only 90,000 remain • Soviets have lost 1 million soldiers

  33. Invasion of Italy • FDR and Churchill meet at Casablanca in 1943 • Decide Italy will be the site of next invasion, Stalin wanted them to invade France • July 10th, 180,000 Allied soldiers land on Sicily and capture it by August • Mussolini “fired” by King Emmanuel • Sept. 3- Italy surrenders • Germans in N. Italy restore him to power, continue fighting for months, until Germans forced to retreat • Mussolini is found trying to escape as a German soldier, shot and hanged in Milan, along with his mistress and crew

  34. HOMEFRONT • Rationing- gasoline, sugar, nylons, rubber, metal, have stamps, 35 mph • War bonds and stamps • Women at work • Conversion of all industry to the total war effort automobiles-tanks, typewriters- shells • Propaganda to support the war

  35. Japanese Internment • Prejudice effect of propaganda • Japanese-Americans now seen as the enemy • Feb. 1942-FDR agrees to internment of Japanese and loss of property • 31, 275 citizens wrongly considered enemy aliens were imprisoned for 5 years during the war and lost everything

  36. Allied Victory in Europe • D-Day invasion-built an Allied army in Great Britain • “Dummy Army” to keep Hitler guessing and thinking it would be at Calais • Operation Overlord would be the largest attack ever on land and sea • 3.5 million troops waiting, thousands of planes, ships, tanks, landing crafts • D-Day was June 6, 1944- 160,000 invade

  37. Operation Overlord • Germans dug in behind 3 feet of concrete with machine guns, rockets, cannons • Beach losses were huge with 3,000 American soldiers dying in one day • Chaos and bodies • July 25th- punch a hole through the lines and Germans retreat Allied forces were led by Gen. George Patton • August 25th- Allies were in Paris • By September, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and most of the Netherlands were liberated from the Nazis

  38. Battle of the Bulge • Hitler being squeezed by the Allies and the Soviets • Last chance, Hitler said “This battle is to decide whether we live or die” • Dec. 16th, Germans were successful in breaking through Allied lines at Ardennes • Allies eventually recover, Nazis can do little other than retreat • March 1945- Allies crossed the Rhine River • By April - 3 million Allied and 6 million Soviet troops surround Berlin

  39. Hitler’s demise • April 28th, in a bunker he married Eva Braun • Writes his final address blaming Jews for the war and his Generals for losing • Says he’s dying with a happy heart, aware of the immeasurable deeds of German soldiers on the front • 2 days later he takes poison and shoots himself, Eva takes poison • Their bodies are found and brought above ground and burned

  40. V-E Day • May 7, 1945 German military unconditionally surrenders to Eisenhower • FDR didn’t live to see it, he had died April 12 • May 8, it’s officially signed in Berlin and Allied powers celebrate V-E Day

  41. Fighting still in Pacific • MacArthur “People of the Philippines, I have returned” • Not that easy • Leyte Gulf- Japanese gamble and go “all in” • Within 3 days- Japan suffered major losses, the only hope they had left were the kamikazes

  42. Japanese defeats continue • March 1945- take Iwo Jima • Both sides are suffering huge casualties • Okinawa is next- Japanese lose 110,000 troops and Allies 12,500 • Next stop Japan • Truman faced with tough decision

  43. A-bomb • Truman advised that invasion of Japan would cost at least 500,000 Allied soldiers • Manhattan Project- Robert J. Oppenheimer developed the atomic bomb • Truman warned Japanese that we had the bomb and would use it • On August 6, 1945- dropped on Hiroshima 73,000 die • August 9- Nagasaki- 37, 500 deaths • V-J Day on Sept. 2nd

  44. Consequences • 60 million DEAD (40 million Europeans)2/3 civilians • 50 million homeless • Billions of dollars in property damage • 60,595 Londoners die, Warsaw out of 1,289,000 only 153,000 remain • 95% of Berlin gone • Where do you go? How do you find family? No water, no food, no home…

  45. Misery • No agriculture, all production had been moved to war-time • Disease spread in dirty bombed out cities • First winter, horrible, no coats, shoes, shelter • Barter anything left for food • August 1945, 4,000 Berlin citizens died each day

  46. Stabilizing Governments • What do you return to? Who will stabilize things? • Italy, Germany, France- mistrust, no one to take charge • Communists gain much power, until violent strikes

  47. Nuremberg Trials • Make sure it “never” happens again, hold Germans responsible for actions • 1946-International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations but the Nazis on trial • Adolf Hitler, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, and Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels had already committed suicide • 22 brought to trial, Goring and Hess 2 notable ones, Goring committed suicide 12 sentenced to death • Hans Frank the only to have remorse • After the hanging, the were burned and then cremeated in the same ovens they had used on their victims.

  48. Effects on Asia • 2 million lives lost • Major cities ruined, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki • Stripped of land • United States led by General Douglas MacArthur occupies Japan • Begins with demilitarization • Conducts war crime trials here • 6 out of the 25 are hung, including Premier Hideki Tojo • Democratization- parliament like Great Britain • Forces landlords to sell to tenant farmers at good prices to help economy

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