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Forensic Science

Forensic Science. Introduction & Expectations. FORENSIC SCIENCE. Supply list Composition Notebook Writing Utensil (Pen or Pencil) Lab Fee – 20.00. FORENSIC SCIENCE. CLASS EXPECTAITONS Bring all necessary supplies to class Participate in class Do your part in lab. FORENSIC SCIENCE.

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Forensic Science

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  1. Forensic Science Introduction & Expectations

  2. FORENSIC SCIENCE Supply list • Composition Notebook • Writing Utensil (Pen or Pencil) • Lab Fee – 20.00

  3. FORENSIC SCIENCE CLASS EXPECTAITONS • Bring all necessary supplies to class • Participate in class • Do your part in lab

  4. FORENSIC SCIENCE What is Forensic Science? -the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system TV show involving Forensic Science

  5. FORENSIC SCIENCE Disciplines that are included in Forensic Science • Criminalistics • Engineering Science • General Science • Jurisprudence • Odontology • Pathology/Biology

  6. FORENSIC SCIENCE Disciplines that are included in Forensic Science • Physical Anthropology • Psychiatry and Behavioral Science • Questioned Documents • Toxicology This is not a exclusive list, but does include the most common disciplines involved.

  7. FORENSIC SCIENCE History and Development of Forensic Science Early Development • Earliest record of applying forensic science to solve a crime come from a 3rd century China Initial Scientific Advances • 1775 – Development of test for arsenic poisoning • 1798 – A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health

  8. History and Development:Forensic Science • 1806 – More refined method of Arsenic testing • 1814 – Mathieu Orfila, father of modern forensic toxicology • Published book on toxicology • 1828 – William Nichol invented polarizing microscope

  9. History and Development:Forensic Science Late Nineteenth-Century Progress • Public officials beginning to apply knowledge from all scientific disciplines to the solving of crimes • Anthropology and morphology were 1st used

  10. History and Development:Forensic Science 1879 Alphonse Bertillon • The first system of personal identification was called anthropometry. • It distinguished one individual from another based on a series of measurements

  11. History and Development:Forensic Science • 1892 – first use of fingerprints to identification • Sherlock Holmes – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle heavily influenced by science articles of the day

  12. History and Development:Forensic Science Twentieth Century Breakthroughs 1901 – Karl landsteiner discovered blood typing 1915 – Leone lattes – created a way to blood type dried blood 1910 – Albert S Osborn “Questioned Documents”

  13. History and Development:Forensic Science Edward Locard • 1910 convinced Lyons Police department to give him an attic to do forensic work. • Founder of Institute of Criminalistics • Locard Exchange Principle – When 2 objects come in contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs

  14. History and Development:Forensic Science • Army Colonel Calvin Goddard – allowed investigators to determine whether a particular gun has fired a bullet by comparing the bullet with one that has been test fired

  15. History and Development:Forensic Science Modern Scientific Advances • DNA typing • More exact than fingerprints • Almost fool proof

  16. REVIEW • Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system • The first system of personal identification was called anthropometry. It distinguished one individual from another based on a series of measurements

  17. REVIEW • Forensic science owes its origins to individuals such as Bertillon Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Osborn, and Locard, who developed the principles and techniques needed to identify or compare physical evidence • Locard Exchange Principle states when two objects come in contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs

  18. VOCABULARY • Locard exchange principle

  19. CRIME LABORATORIES History of Crime Labs in the United States • 1923- Los Angeles Police Department – Oldest Forensic Lab • 1932 – FBI – J. Edgar Hoover • 4 major federal crime laboratories • FBI • DEA • Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives • The US Postal Inspection Service • Don’t have state boundaries

  20. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Physical Science Unit • Applies principles and techniques of chemistry, Physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence. • Staffed by criminalists who have expertise to use chemical test and modern analytical instrumentations • Analyze drugs, glass, paint, explosives, and soil

  21. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Biological Unit • Staffed with biologist and biochemists • Identify and perform DNA profiling on dried blood stains and other fluids, compare hair and fibers

  22. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Firearms Unit • Examines firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, Shotgun shells, and ammunitions of all types • Examines garments for gun discharge residue • Determine angle and distance a firearm was fired

  23. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Document Examination Unit • Studies the handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents to ascertain authenticity and source • Analyzing paper and ink

  24. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Photography Lab • Examines and records physical evidence • Includes digital imaging infrared, ultraviolent, and X-ray photography

  25. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Toxicology Unit • Examines body fluids and organs to determine the presence of absence of drugs and poisons • Generally housed in the Coroner’s office Latent Fingerprint Unit • Processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints

  26. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Polygraph Unit • Lie detector • Maintained and used at Police departments Voiceprint Analysis Unit • Used in telephone threats or tape-recorded messages • Uses digital generated voiceprint to compare samples

  27. SERVICES OF THE CRIME LAB Crime Scene Investigations Unit • CSI • Becoming more popular since 911 • Combines all units under 1 unit • Evidence is collected, recorded and analyzed

  28. SUMMARY • The development of crime labs in the US has been characterized by rapid growth accompanied by lack of national and regional planning and coordination

  29. Four major reasons for the increase in the number of crime laboratories in the US since 1960 • Miranda Rights eliminated confessions as a routine investigation tool • Staggering increase in crime rates in the US • Illicit-drugs must be sent to a forensic lab to be identified • The advent of DNA profiling

  30. SUMMARY • The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to five basic services: • Physical science unit • Biology unit • Firearms unit • Document examination unit • Photography unit

  31. SUMMARY • Some crime labs offer optional services such as toxicology, fingerprint analysis, polygraph administration, voiceprint analysis, and Crime scene investigation • Special forensic science services available to the law enforcement community include forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, forensic entomology, forensic psychiatry, forensic Odontology, forensic engineering, forensic computer and digital analysis

  32. The Functions of the Forensic Scientist • Analyzing Physical Evidence • Determine admissibility of evidence • Judging scientific evidence • Providing expert testimony • Furnish training in the proper recognition, collection and preservation of physical evidence

  33. SUMMARY • A forensics scientist must be skilled in applying the principles and techniques of the physical and natural sciences to analyzing evidence that may be recovered during a criminal investigation • The cases Frye vs.. United States and Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc set guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom

  34. An expert witness evaluate evidence based on specialized training and experience • Forensics scientists participate in training law enforcement personnel in the proper recognition, collection and preservation of physical evidence

  35. VOCABULARY • Scientific method – a process that uses strict guidelines to ensure carful and systematic collection organization and analysis of information • Expert witness – a individual whom the court determines to possess a particular skill or knowledge in a trade or profession that is not expected of the average layperson and that will aid a court in determining the truth of a matter at a trial

  36. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/culture-places/work/us_crimescenecleaners.htmlhttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/culture-places/work/us_crimescenecleaners.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQUE8IeVmpA

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