Russian Revolution ( 1900 – 1905)

1. Russian Revolution(1900 – 1905) (Matthew Amegadzie, Elliot Wong, Annietha Raj, and Sean Wong)

2. Describe the land and people of Russia in the year 1900 • In the year 1900 Russia was huge in term of land. The down side of this is that much of the land is too cold to be useful, such as Siberia. In the south of Russia they have high mountains that are good for defiance. In 1900 125 million people live in the Tsar Nicholas’s empire. Less than half were Russian. The majority of people who lived there were Poles and Ukrainians. Everyone had their own language, customs, and way of life. Most people lived on the 5% of land that was good for farming in Russia.

3. Who was Czar Nicholas II? Describe his leadership style. Czar Nicholas II was born in 1868, he became a czar only because his father died, and he was the only heir. At first Nicholas did not want to become czar, he was scared that he would become cruel like his father. As the years went on, his ruling showed that he was uneducated and boring. And he became his fear, an autocrat, he wanted full power. He fired or killed any official who interfered with his decision. He formed Okhrana, so if anyone was disloyal to him he would have them banished. He also formed Cossacks, his back-up plan if anything went wrong. He suffered an execution in the end of his reign.

4. How was Russian Society Divided in Terms of Wealth and Power? In 1900, 4 out of 5 people in Russia were peasants. This cause people to become liberals. Until 1861 peasants had been slaves of their landlords with no rights, no freedom and no land of their own. In 1861 Tsar Alexander II freed the peasants. Now the peasants could own land but with conditions. But not everyone was poor, Tsar Alexander had 8 palaces and had employed over 15000 slaves. Although nobles were only 1% of the Russian society they owned 25% of the land. In St Petersburg nearly a million people went there in search of work. The peasants who were freed had so little money they had to search for more jobs other than to sell crops.

5. Who was Karl Marx and How Did His Ideas Divide Russians? Karl Marx was a German Philosopher as well as an author, he was quite poor at that time and was angry about how factory owners were becoming richer and richer. In 1848, Karl Marx had wrote a book called Communist Manifesto. In which he announced his goals of a political change he wanted, so that workers and owners are all paid equally, he later followed up on this idea with another book called Das Kapital. His ideas soon spread to Vladimir Lenin, which later becomes a communist leader. Vladimir Lenin then started the Bolshevik party, which soon overthrew the Emperor of Russia.

6. Glossary • St Petersburg – a city in Russia where a lot of people worked • Autocrat – a monarch who doesn't have to share power • Okhrana – secret police force, they censor books and newspapers, and a arrest people who criticize the government • Cossacks – fierce soldiers armed with weapons. Who specialize in breaking up mobs • Siberia – a region in that takes up 77% of Russia • Karl Marx – he is a German philosophy and writer that inspired Lenin about communism. • Liberals – someone who wants democracy • Communism - an economic system in which is owned by the government

7. Works Cited • Sources for Images • http://images.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi Sources for Information • "BBC - History - Nicholas II (1868-1918)." BBC - Homepage. 10 Apr. 2009. 09 Apr. 2009 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nicholas_ii.shtml>. • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Coronation_of_Tsar_Nicholas_II_&_Empress_Alexandra_Feodorovna_-1896.jpeg • BROOMAN, JOSH. RUSSIA IN WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1900-24 (20TH CENTURY HISTORY). New York: LONGMAN, 1986. • www.encarta.com • www.britannica.com

8. Russian Revolution(1905 – 1917 ) Shayan Kashani Samuel Soon Georgina Sheridan

9. What was Bloody Sunday and why did it happen? Russia had just suffered an embarrassing defeat in the war against Japan, and the conditions in workplaces were getting worse and worse. This fuelled a few uprisings, which led to the revolution on Sunday 22, January, 1905. 200,000 workers, headed by Father Gapon, marched peacefully toward the Tsar’s winter palace. They were attempting to persuade the Tsar to withdraw from Japan, and had a resolution in hand that called for a government reform and increased rights for workers. Unfortunately as they were reaching the palace, government troops fired into the crowd, killing 200 and wounding 800, in what came to be known as Bloody Sunday. Pictures depicting the Bloody Massacre on January 9th, 1905.

10. What changes in the Tsar’s government followed Bloody Sunday In October, 1905, the Tsar passed what became known as the October Manifesto. Basically this ‘manifesto’ gave basic rights like freedom of speech and the power to form political parties. It also allowed the formation of a DUMA, or an elected government. It was accepted by many, but, the revolutionary parties did not trust the Tsar to keep his word. In 1906 their fears were realized when the Tsar exiled members of the St Petersburg Soviet, and suddenly crushed all other forms of revolution. A bloody time followed with the evolution of ‘Black Hundreds’. By March, 1906, the revolution was over and a DUMA had been elected. Unfortunately though, the first rule in the constitution was that supreme power belonged to the king, changing nothing. A picture of the first meeting of the DUMA

11. How did World War I affect Russia and the Tsar? World War I was the main reason of Russia’s great revolutions and the fall of its czarist government. Russia had a cooperation with the Austrian force creating large army but they still had lack of supplies such as weapons and proper clothing. This then lead to the death of soldiers who were peasants which then lead to the fall of the Russian economy. This caused the unpopularity of the czars and provoked the people of Russia to rebel against their leaders, the czars. Czars were a monarchy who had complete control over the nation. This Czar and caused his downfall. Tsar (czar) Nicholas II

12. What were the causes of the Feb/March Revolution? Weakened by world war one, the economy was a mess. Factory owners couldn’t pay for worker’s wages so they couldn’t let them work. Tired and hungry, 250,000 people went on strike. And thus started the Feb/March revolution. But beneath the immediate effects of thesethings there were many long term causes for the revolution. Russia was messed up from the start. Monarch’s weren’t really interested in their countries welfare and often spent their time indulging leisurely activities. Therefore; they had an inefficient bureaucracy and government, a disorganized and out dated army (the reason for their humiliating defeat at the war),an overwhelmingly large rural population, and a lack of technology. This revolution led the way for Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin to take power. This is a picture of the factory workers of Petrograd going on strike

13. Glossary Bloody Sunday: The bloody massacre that happened on Sunday Jan. 9. 1905 Vladimir Lenin: The leader of the Bolshevik party Bolsheviks: The members of the social democratic party that took power Abdicate: To renounce A person power right or claim October Manifesto: A document that established the Duma Duma: An elected parliament

14. Works Cited • Sources for Images • What Do You Believe? 14 Apr. 2009 http://brianakira.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/tsar-nicholas-ii-18981.jpg • MTC News Network. 14 Apr. 2009 http://www.milkintheclock.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/revolutionfeb.jpg • Garden of Dreams. 14 Apr. 2009 http://www.mirumu.com/.../BloodySunday1905.jpg • AbsoluteAstronomy.com. 14 Apr. 2009 http://www.absoluteastronomy.com • https:/.../11.MR/SCMEDIA/8duma.gif Sources for Information • BROOMAN, JOSH. RUSSIA IN WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1900-24 (20TH CENTURY HISTORY). New York: LONGMAN, 1986. • "February Revolution -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 14 Apr. 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_revolution#Long-term_causes • "Bloody Sunday (1905) -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 14 Apr. 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905) • "World War I (1914-18) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 14 Apr. 2009 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648646/World-War-I

15. Russian Revolution1917-1918 Edward, Katie, Kimberly, Natasha

16. Who was Alexander Kerensky and what problems did his Provisional Government face? – Kimberly Liu Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky was born on May 4, 1881 in the village of Simbirsk, Russia. In 1912, Kerensky was elected the second prime minister of the Russian ProvisionalGovernment. He was immediately faced with a challenge from Commander in chief of the armies- General Lavr Georgyevich Kornilov. Kornilov claimed Russian needed a strong man, and said he himself should be in charge. Although Kerensky managed to keep his power, he soon lost power as the Bolshevikstook over in the October revolution 1917. Kerensky the fled to Paris where he hid underground before moving to the united states. << Alexander Kerensky The symbol of the Provisional Government >>

17. What were the causes of the Nov/Oct Revolution? – Katie Wong The Provisional Government failed to meet the demands of the people and soon demonstrators were in the streets demanding power to be given to the Soviets. A protest of about 400,000 workers from Moscow and was supported by strikes and protest rallies by workers of other cities. General Kornilov began a military revolt and started troops moving toward Petrograd. Alexander Kerensky, leader of the provisional government allowed the Bolsheviks to set up a defense force called the Red Guards to help defend the capital. The defeat of Kornilov’s revolt gave the Bolsheviks more authority and as the Bolshevik’s popularity with the soviets increased, they decide to take power into its own hands. Vladimir Lenin giving a speech during the Nov/Oct Revolution of 1917

18. Who was Vladimir Lenin and how did he come to power? – Natasha Schwab Vladimir Ilich Lenin was born on the 22nd of April, 1870 in the town Simbirsk. He was greatly influenced by his brother who was hanged for planning to assassinate the tsar, and the book Das Kapital by Karl Marx. Lenin spent time out of Russia, meeting revolutionary leaders. In 1903, he became the leader of the Bolsheviks. After being exiled in 1907, he finally returned to Russia during World War I with the help of the Germans. There he and his army, the Red Guard, overthrew the Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky, which was the Oct/Nov Revolution of 1917. Vladimir Ilich Lenin

19. What immediate actions did Lenin take following the Nov/Oct Revolution? – Edward Zhu Vladimir Lenin was the main leader of the October Revolution and over threw the provisional government. After the revolution, Vladimir became the first head of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/ Soviet Union. He then initiated the GOLERO plan to help economic recovery and development. Most importantly, however, was the action he took later to take Russia out of World War I. Lenin agreed to the Treaty of Brest-Litovskwhere Russia gave many western provinces and a third of their population to Germany. Soviet Union congress members (March 1919, Stalin, Lenin and Mikhail Kalinin) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

20. Glossary • Alexander Kerensky: Leader of the Provisional Government • Bolsheviks: A capital party led by Vladimir Lenin • Petrograd: Former capital of Russia, now known as St. Petersburg • Provisional: Temporarily serving until properly replaced • Red Guards: Supporters of communism • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: A peace treaty signed at Brest-Litovsk marking Russia’s final withdrawal from WW1 • Vladimir Lenin: The man who brought communism to Russia, and was leader of the Bolsheviks who overthrew the provisional government of Russia in 1917.

21. Russian Revolution(1918-1924) Katrina, Stephen, and Heather

22. Lenin and the Civil War The uprising of the Czech prisoners of war was the beginning of the White army. After initial success in taking over towns, enemies of the Bolsheviks joined them including foreign armies. Lenin appointed Leon Trotsky to lead the Red army. Trotsky was a good military leader and stuck to his laws such as RedTerror. He was smart and shot the Czar so he couldn’t be restored to power. He also enlisted the help of the Cheka [secret political police]. Those measures and the fact that the army was effective and unified unlike the Whites, led the Reds to victory The White Army. Defeated.

23. Lenin and Communism Vladimir Lenin, born on November 8th, 1917, had a huge goal to achieve. His goal was to form war communism throughout Russia. He had three tries in trying to get and to achieve this goal. The first try was when he and the Bolsheviks started to Soviet State Security Organization. The reason why they did this was so they could protect their government from their enemies. The second try was when Lenin and Bolsheviks made the Russian Communist Party. And last but not least, the third try was when the Russian Civil war was taking place, and let them to victory. Vladimir Lenin

24. Joseph Stalin vs. Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R Central Committee. He lived from 1922-1953 and did many influential things such as: • Replacing the NewEconomicPolicy with Five-Year Plans and launched a period of rapid industrialization. • Launching campaigns to eliminate corrupt and treacherous people from the Communist Party Stalin and Trotsky all had the same goal in mind: to industrialize Russia, the way they wanted to do it was however different. Stalin looked inwards while Trotsky wanted to look outwards. They were similar in that they were both dictators who believed in communism. Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky

25. Glossary • Whites: Political and military that opposed the Bolsheviks. • Reds: Bolsheviks [Stalin, Trotsky, Lenin] supported communism. • Cheka: The secret political police O: • Red Terror: Mass arrest and execution conducted by the Bolsheviks • War Communism: The economic and political system that was in Soviet Russia during the Russian civil war • New Economic Policy: An economic policy proposed by Lenin to prevent the Russian economy from collapsing • USSR: United Soviet Socialist

26. Works Cited • Sources for Images • http://asianbadger.wordpress.com/2007/10/09/who-is-this-man/ • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leon_trotsky.jpg • http://www.flickr.com/photos/alogou1775/2302022287/ • http://www.masterandmargarita.eu/images/09context/kozakken.jpg Sources for Information • "Vladimir Lenin." Wikipedia. 13 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin>. • "Joseph Stalin." Wikipedia. 13 Apr. 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_stalin>. • Brooman, Josh. Russia In War And Revolution. USA: Longman Inc., 1986.

27. Russian Revolution(1924-1941) Simba Chen, Jessica Forden, and Alex Monaghan

28. How impacts did Stalin have on industry and workers? When Stalin took over, he created the “Five Year Plan” to improve Russia’s industry. Stalin innovated a new system of work practices in which workers would get one day off every week of their own choice. This made workers angry. They complained about the heavy workload. However, this also brought forth people who would work every day for special benefits. Negative effects continued to rise. In the early 1930s, there were many unemployed workers from all over the world, and many came to Russia. This flooded the towns and created problems for the original citizens. Industry Manager with workers

29. What effects did Stalin have on agriculture and Russia’s farmers? Stalin was eager for Russia to become a country that could compare military and economics strengths to other advanced coutries. In order to obtain necessary materials and money for this industrialization, he made many peasants work on collective farms. However, Stalin knew many people would not like this. Kulaks (richer peasants) had the most to lose from thesecollectives, so he transported many of them to places like Siberia. However, many people were still mad about being put on the collective farms and often killed the animals and damaged the crops and tools. In the end, Russia went through many deaths fromfamine and severely damaged their agriculture. Russian Collective Farm

30. How did Stalin deal with opposition to him or his leadership? How did stalin promote himself and maintain popularity with Russian people? Stalin usually dealt with his opposition by using the NKVD(Secret Police) or the army to assassinate his opponents. One person that could’ve challenged him was Sergei Kirov. Later, Sergei was killed by the NKVD under Stalin’s order. Leon Trotsky, a main competitor for Secretary general, was killed by the army even though he was great allies with them. It lead to Stalin coming into power. From then Stalin would have an enemy assassinated or denounced… and then assassinated. One famous method was purging Russia. Stalin killed all those that he deemed were traitors. For those he feared he would send them to gulags where they would usually starve to death. It was the use of propaganda that kept Stalin popular with the Russian community. Stalin would keep giant pictures of himself to let people know who’s boss. Books and Media were censored if they didn’t follow USSR guidelines. Later on, people actually started worshipping him Joseph Stalin NKVD (A secret police)

31. Glossary • Collectives: A farm in which farmers are forced to work together to sell resources to governments at a low fixed rate • Kulaks: A term for a wealthy farmer in Russia • Famine: Extreme loss of food • Five Year Plan: A 5 year plan to increase development in Russia • Gulag: A labor camp where Stalin sent people • Purges: To cleanse • NKVD: A secret police formed by Vladimir Lennon • Propaganda: Shaping information in a way to influence people in a certain direction

32. Works Cited • Sources for Images • www.picsearch.com • Google.com Sources for Information • Encarta • Wikipedia • Stalin and the Soviet Union by Josh Brooman • Russian Revolution by

33. Russian Revolution1939-1953 Jason Ding, Greg Ng, Lauren Roberts

34. Describe Russia’s Relationship with other countries prior to WWII Before WWII the allied countries of the west cut off their links with Russia. They were angry with the communists for withdrawing from the First World War. They were not invited to sign peace treaties or to join the League of Nations. Thus Russia became an outcast in the world. Russia desperately needed help to rebuild its economy. To get help, they started to reestablish their links with the outside world. They started participating in treatise and such. Germany and Russia made a Nazi-Soviet Pact; it created trade links between the two countries. By 1929 the USSR had ties with every major country except for USA. Still Stalin was suspicious of the other countries.

35. What Impact did WWII have On Russia and Stalin’s power? After WWII When Stalin was in power he isolated the Soviet citizens; they weren’t allowed to marry foreigners or travel abroad places. Most people were homeless in Russia and some of the Soviets. Most of these citizens were homeless because their houses were. Stalin launched a campaign to glorify the USSR and everything in Russia. After this campaign in 1948 Stalin made a Jewish meeting and Jews who came would be arrested and accused of anti-Russian conspiracy. This is how Stalin became a dictator and Russia was scarred for Russian life. The Russians barely got any reconstruction after. A painting of Josef Stalin.

36. What Actions Did Stalin Take Following WWII to Rebuild and Extend Russia’s Power? After WWII, most of the Soviet Union was destroyed. Villages and towns were all left in ruins. Even though Stalin saw his country like this, he still continued to reconstruct Russia’s heavy industry, building factories and railway locomotives rather than building homes and cars. Stalin also isolated Soviet citizens from the world, changing the newspaper and banning people from traveling out of the country. This was intended to make Russia look good. Communist countries became supreme in almost every Eastern European country. Therefore in 1947, Eastern and Western Europe was divided, with a barrier in between called the “Iron Curtain”. The Iron Curtain is defended by watch-posts, minefields, barbed wire fences and armed guards.

37. Glossary • Iron Curtain – an obstacle dividing Western and Eastern Europe, made in 1947. • Nazi-Soviet Pact – a treaty made between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. • Reconstruction – an act reconstructing (to rebuild).

38. Works Cited • Sources for Images • All images from Google.com. Sources for Information • BROOMAN, JOSH. STALIN AND THE SOVIET UNION U. S. S. R., 1924-53 (LONGMAN 20TH CENTURY HISTORY SERIES). New York: LONGMAN, 1988. • "Joseph Stalin." Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin. <http://www.wikipedia.org/>.