Today’s Warm Up

1. Today’s Warm Up • Answer on your warm up/exit ticket sheet: • What are some of the long-term impacts of colonization in Africa? How do you think Africa would be different had there never been a “Scramble for Africa”?

2. African Nations Gain Independence • Read pages 539 – 543 • Take notes as you read and be sure to include important names, terms, ideas. • Complete the section review: #s 1 - 5

3. Today’s LEQ: What ideas and actions led to independence for British and French colonies in Africa? African Nations Gain Independence

4. Nationalism Leads to Decolonization • Post WWII, European powers still controlled much of Africa • Growing nationalism pushed many countries to push for independence • Most African countries achieved independence but took different approaches

5. Ghana Two Movements National Elections • British colony of the Gold Coast, West Africa, first to achieve independence • African leaders established convention to demand greater participation in government • Goal: gain influence peacefully • Less cooperative movement also brewing • 1947, Kwame Nkrumah became leader of Convention People’s Party (CCP) • Nkrumah led strikes, demonstrations; British jailed him • While in jail, Nkrumah still transformed CCP into major political party • 1951, Britain pressured into allowing national elections • 1957, granted full independence; Nkrumah becomes first prime minister of new nation, Ghana Ghana • Decolonization Begins, 1945 – the withdrawal of colonial powers from • the colonies and areas of influence

6. “I Speak of Freedom” – Speech Analysis • According to Nkrumah, what was the reality of Europeans in Africa? • Why does Nkrumah believe so many African nations suffer from poverty despite plentiful natural resources? • What is Nkrumah’s proposed solution to underdevelopment in Africa? • What lessons does Nkrumah believe Africans should learn from South America? • What does Nkrumah mean by “think continentally”?

7. Conflict Mau Mau • Ownership of land, possibility of independence led to conflict between white Kenyan farmers, native Kikuyu people • Farmers feared independence would cause them to lose large tracts of valuable cash crops in Kenyan highlands • Kikuyu wanted these ancestral homelands back • Led by Jomo Kenyatta, many Kikuyu farmers formed violent movement, Mau Mau • Group terrorized highlands, murdered anyone opposing them, including Africans who cooperated with white settlers • British murdered, tortured members of Mau Mau movement to regain control • Late 1950s, Britain convinced to accept decolonization • 1963, Jomo Kenyatta first prime minister of Kenya Kenya • 1950s, Kenyan path to independence did not go as smoothly as it did in Ghana.

8. Protest Poster • The class just read some of Kwame Nkrumah’s arguments against colonial rule in his speech, “I Speak of Freedom.” Work with a partner to develop a poster or sign that represents supporters of decolonization in either Ghana or Kenya. Your poster or sign should communicate the position of this group accurately, be eye-catching and creative, and must contain the following elements: • An interesting slogan or saying that captures your argument • Two images drawn to support the slogan or statement • A list (creatively incorporated into the poster or sign) of at least 3 additional arguments used to support decolonization in the country you chose

10. Today’s Exit Ticket • Answer on your warm up/exit ticket sheet: • Which leader do you think was more effective and why? Nkrumah or Kenyatta?

11. French Africa • Different Path • French African colonies followed different path toward independence • French goal had been to incorporate colonies into France itself • Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle tried to pursue goal after World War II • Benefits in Relationship • African leaders believed they should have greater opportunities for self-rule • However, rejected final break with France because they believed Africans could attain economic, cultural benefits from continued relationship • French Community • 1958, de Gaulle called for referendum on continued union • Most colonies voted to join new organization, known as French Community • France granted most colonies of Community independence a few years later

12. Apartheid Racial Separation • 1948, racial discrimination heightened when Afrikaner-dominated National Party began to run South African government • Instituted policy of apartheid, “apartness” in Afrikaner language • Apartheid policy divided into four racial groups: White, Black, Colored (mixed ancestry), Asian • Attempted to create greater separation between whites, nonwhites, impose harsh controls South Africa In the early 1900s South Africa was run by white Afrikaners—descendants of the original Dutch settlers. Even though South Africa had received independence from Great Britain in 1910, nonwhites in South Africa were not free under the Afrikaner government. Apartheid laws banned interracial marriages, and placed further restrictions on African ownership of land and businesses.

13. Citizenship Denied Laws Harsh on Blacks • Under apartheid, only white South Africans could vote, hold political office • Blacks made up nearly 75 percent of population, were denied South African citizenship • Restricted to certain occupations, very little pay • Apartheid laws especially harsh on blacks in South Africa • Required to carry passes, identity books • Also faced imprisonment if police found them in an area for more than 72 hours without pass Apartheid Laws

15. Find the Main Idea What was apartheid, and how did it function?

16. Museum Exhibit Activity • Working in the same groups as yesterday, divide your poster paper into four sections and label each section as follows: Ghana, Kenya, Guinea, South Africa • For each nation, provide three artifactsyou would include in a museum exhibit centered on African decolonization • Pictures of artifacts may be drawn, cut out from newspapers, or pulled from websites • Provide a 3-4 sentence summary on why you picked each artifact

17. Today’s Exit Ticket • Answer on your warm up/exit ticket sheet: • In 2-3 sentences, compare and contrast the decolonization of French Africa and South Africa