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The Tudors

The Tudors. English Renaissance. Great period in English history Period lasts from Henry VII (1485) until the accession of the House of Stuart (1603) Economically healthier, more expansive, more optimistic under the Tudors than at any other time since the Romans.

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The Tudors

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  1. The Tudors

  2. English Renaissance • Great period in English history • Period lasts from Henry VII (1485) until the accession of the House of Stuart (1603) • Economically healthier, more expansive, more optimistic under the Tudors than at any other time since the Romans. • The 15th century had been intellectually barren • By the end of the fifteenth century, however, new ideas had started to arrive from Italy. • Greek literature/Latin grammar, scientific medicine and, most importantly, Christian Humanism.

  3. Christian Humanism • A rejection of scholasticism • Emphasis on biblical piety, textual scholarship, the Greek New testament especially. • Erasmus is the finest of the type. He was a frequent visitor to England • Between 1611 and 1614 he worked on his Greek text of the New testament at Cambridge. • John Colet • The ideas and thoughts of Christian Humanism largely brought to England by him • Spent time in Italy and mastered Greek grammar and literature. Neo-Platonist philosophy. • Founded St.Paul’s Cathedral school • Astonished everyone with his lectures on St. Paul’s Epistles • Employed scriptural exegesis, a belief in a personal redemptive Christ • Scholars views became unimportant • Personal interpretation all. • Greatly influenced Erasmus and other young humanists

  4. Challenging The Establishment • “The Praise of folly” Erasmus • “Utopia” Thomas More • The Power of Caxton • Humanism emphasised the dignity and potential of the individual, and the value of life in this world. • Replaced the otherworldly and communal values of the Medieval ages. • Reflected in the establishment of reformed schools: Modern languages, science, art, music etc. Find the truth for yourself. • The Oxford reformists (as they had become known) attacked monks, the worship of images, relics etc. • Bigger and stronger movement than the Lollards

  5. Late medieval religion was sacramental, dominated by public ritual and ceremonies. • Christian humanism offered a personal religious experience based on the Bible. • Vernacular bibles illegal? Englishmen might form their own opinions. • All scriptural and religious books published outside the realm not allowed to be imported. • A long struggle

  6. Humanists Divide • Faith vs. Reason • Thomas More believed faith to be superior to reason because God had commanded it so. • Erasmus couldn’t accept this; he trusted human rationality and could not accept that God tested people’s faith by making them believe things that renaissance scholarship had opened to question.

  7. Attitude Of The Crown Henry VII • Inherited a corrupt, poor and disorderly England • Put it back in order. “Fulfill your duties to the Crown and you will be rewarded, fail to do so and you will be punished” • 1 million pounds for keeping a private army • Great administrator • Reformed the legal system and improved the economy • Established uniform system of weights and measurements • Trade increased • No ambition for foreign expansion • One flaw=greed • Not a man of learning, a man of action • Allowed new learning to continue around him. • On his death England’s finances looked rosy, royal authority was strong and stable.

  8. Henry VIII • 1509: Very different from his father. • Man of ‘new learning’, but found writing tedious. • Hunting, dancing, playing the lute, dallying and fornicating. • Also orthodox, persecuted Lollards, wrote against Luther. (Assertio septem sacramentorum (Defense of the seven sacraments).) Earned title “Defender of the faith (F.D.)” • While Henry danced, Thomas Wolsey ran the country.

  9. Thomas Wolsey 1475-1530 • Lord Chancellor/Chief-Councillor • Last churchman to hold position • Humble birth but hugely arrogant. • Shrewd politician, manipulated balance of power between Spain and France. • Yet did not make modern England – not interested in Parliament or Henry’s ideas about the navy. • Henry allowed the cardinal to rule while serving his apprenticeship. • Not a modern man. No vision of the development of England as an island nation. • Ultimately he was passed over by Henry when he was deemed to have served his purpose (as many were) • Left to Henry to develop the navy and more importantly a fighting navy.

  10. Fighting Ships • Existing fighting ships hadn’t changed much since Roman times (rowing and ramming) • Henry changed all this. • Ships had to have cannons in the body • Great cannon below decks in rows, ready to fire broadsides through portholes in ship’s side. • Changed tactics:- no need for grappling hooks and hand-to-hand contact. Fighting from a distance. • Major test 1545- defeat of the French Armada- Mary Rose sunk. • Henry, though not remembered for his innovations rather for his marriages.

  11. Beyond The Marriages 1509-1547 • Egoistical • Had not been brought up to be king (Arthur) • Believed complex problems could be solved with simple solutions • Believed in concept of King and Emperor. Resulted in him spending all the money his father had acquired. • Towards end of his life he lost control to his hobbies. Died of syphilis leaving a son, Edward (VI), Mary and Elizabeth.

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