1.1 T h e Functions of an Abstract

1. ABSTRACTS WRITING WORKSHOPUniversity of Rochester, ECE 111 LABPresenter: Ben Duncan, Ph.D.COLLEGE WRITING PROGRAM

2. 1.1 The Functions of an Abstract • locates the purpose and importance of the research in relation to previous studies • briefly conveys the research methods and main findings to readers and colleagues • establishes a conclusion that lends significance to the larger field of study

3. Remember: • Few people will closely read the entire lab report, but many will read the abstract

4. Problem: • fitting all this content is not easy • maybe only 200 or 250 words • Strategy: • adopt a systematic approach

5. 1.2 Key Points • abstract should be written separately, not as an extract from the main paper • words should be chosen carefully • imagine your reader is someone trying to retrieve information from a database • words most likely to be searched should be present

6. 1.3 Format of an Abstract • Title • Objectives/Purpose of the Lab • Methods of the Lab • Key Results of the Lab • Conclusion

7. Title • important: more people will read the title than will read the abstract • fewer and simpler words if possible • a good title is usually a summary of your main objective

8. Objective/Purpose • statement about the importance or purpose of the study • (perhaps brief comment on previous work in the field) • the hypothesis • benefits of the study should also be described • (if space is short, include in the main text)

9. Establishing Your Niche Enter into the conversation!!! What’s been written before about your topic? With what do you agree/disagree? What’s new about your own research and what does it add to the conversation?

10. Methods • setting, study population, selection of subjects for the study and research design • How were cases (patients or other sources of data) selected? • What intervention was used? • How were data collected? • Over what period of time? • If space allows, analytical techniques and statistical tests

11. Results • number and type of observations • summarize the key findings • statistical test results • Remember: precision is important

12. Conclusion • be brief • state whether the hypothesis was proven • highlight the importance of the work • generalization from the specific results to the wider world

13. Potential Problems and Golden Rules • Do… • strictly follow length and style rules • be clear and specific in your objectives • connect your ideas • make it interesting for your reader • Do not… • be imprecise/vague • include topics that will not be covered in your paper • submit your abstract without editing it first

14. A SAMPLE ECE 111 LAB ABSTRACT

15. Task #1 • Work in small groups or in pairs. Read the following abstract and answer the questions that follow.

16. SIMPLE DC CIRCUITS Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL), Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL), and Ohm’s Law are three fundamental relations that describe most simple DC circuits. Using these laws, values of resistance, current, and voltage were calculated at different parts of various circuits. To begin the lab, four circuits were constructed, each powered by a 9V battery. Each circuit consisted of combinations of resistors (ranging from 100 Ω to 10 kΩ) in parallel and in series. Voltage measurements were made at various points in each circuit, and certain unknown quantities were calculated using KVL, KCL, and/or Ohm’s Law. KCL was verified in circuit #1, with a net current of 6.99± 0.33 mA flowing into node A and 6.9 ± 0.4 mAflowing out. KVL was verified in circuit #2 with a net voltage drop of 9.351 ± 0.003 V around the circuit and voltage gain (via battery) of 9.358 ± 0.001 V. The values of two unknown resistors were successfully calculated in circuit #3 to be 9.9 ± 0.5 kΩ and 18.7 ± 0.9 kΩ, respectively. These calculated values matched the resistors’ measured values within error margins. In circuit #4, a potentiometer was successfully used to “mirror” two resistors in parallel. The ratio of resistor 1 to resistor 2 was 0.51 ± 0.05, and the ratio of the resistances in the potentiometer was 0.560 ± 0.001.

17. 3. LAB OBJECTIVE/PURPOSE

18. 3.1 Lab Objective Outline Move 1 Establishing a Territory Step 1 Claiming Centrality and/or Step 2 Making Topic Generalization(s) and/or Step 3 Reviewing Items of Previous Research Move 2 Establishing a Niche Step 1A Counter-claiming Step 1B Indicating a Gap Step 1C Question-raising Step 1D Continuing a Tradition Move 3 Occupying the Niche Step 1A Outlining Purposes and/or Step 1B Announcing Present Research Step 2 Announcing Principal Findings

19. 3.2 Task #2 Read the following introduction of a published abstract. Try to label the three moves and then the various steps within each move. Remember not all steps may be used!

20. Task #3 - Answers MOVE 1 1 - 4 STEP 1 1-2 STEP 2 3 STEP 3 4 MOVE 2 5-12 STEP 1B 5 – 6 MOVE 3 7 - 8 STEP 1B 7 - 8

21. 3.3 The Language of Moves and Steps

22. A. Move 1 – Establishing a Territory Step 1 - Claiming Centrality • The increasing interest in … has heightened the need for … • Of particular interest and complexity are … • Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to … • In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly interested in … • The possibility … has generated interest in … • Recently, there has been wide interest in … • The time development … is a classic problem in fluid mechanics. • The explication of the relationship between … is a classic problem of … • The well-known … phenomena … has been favorite topics for analysis both in … • Knowledge of … has a great importance for … • The study of … has become an important aspect of … • The theory that … has led to the hope that … • The effect of … has been studied extensively in recent years. • Many investigators have recently turned to … • The relationship between … has been studied by many authors. • A central issue in … is the validity of …

23. B. Move 1 – Establishing a Territory; Step 3 – Reviewing Items of Previous Research examples

24. Move 2 – Establishing a Niche • Step 1 AWhile some have argued that …… our study (Counter-claim) suggests the opposite. While previous studies suffer from … and are limited to …. our study may provide alternatives that improve on the previous limitations. • Step 1 B The previous studies focused on adults, ages 2(Gap) 1-45, but failed to consider children, ages 8-16 … Whilemany have researched this growing trend in the United States, our study examines whether a similar situation exists in South Korea.

25. Move 2 – Establishing a Niche • Step 1 CHowever, it is not clear whether the (Question) use of … can be modified for children, ages 8-16. A question still remains whether these studies are applicable to other countries and cultures, such as South Korea. • Step 1 DThis study continues the research of (Continuation) Dr. A and applies the same methods to children, ages 8-16. The previous research suggested the direction for this study in ….

26. Language for Creating a Niche: a) Negative or Quasi-negative Quantifiers no little none (of) few / very few neither … nor b) Lexical Negation Verbs fail, lack, overlook Adjectives inconclusive, complex, misleading, elusive, scarce, limited, questionable Nouns failure, limitation Other without regard for c) Negation in the Verb Phrase not rarely ill

27. Language for Creating a Niche: d) Questions • Direct (e.g. How can this problem be solved?) • Indirect (e.g. “A question remains whether …”) e) Expressed Needs/ Desires/Interests • The differences need to be analyzed … • It is desirable to perform test calculations … • It is of interest to compare …

28. Move 3 – Occupying The Niche Step 1 – Outlining Purposes or Announcing Present Research • This paper reports on the results obtained … • The aim of the present paper is to give … • In this paper we give preliminary results of … • The main purpose of the experiment reported her was to … • This study was designed to evaluate … • The present work extends the use of the last model … • We now report the interaction of … • The purpose of this investigation is/was to …

29. g) Contrastive Comment • The research has tended to focus on …, rather than … • They center mainly on …, rather than on … • Studies most often contrast …, rather than … • Researchers have focused primarily on …, as opposed to … • Emphasis has been on …, with scant attention given to … • Although considerable research has been done on …, much less is known as to …

30. Move 3 – Occupying The Niche Step 1 – Outlining Purposes or Announcing Present Research • This paper reports on the results obtained … • The aim of the present paper is to give … • In this paper we give preliminary results of … • The main purpose of the experiment reported her was to … • This study was designed to evaluate … • The present work extends the use of the last model … • We now report the interaction of … • The purpose of this investigation is/was to …

31. 3.4 Task #3 – An Award-Winning Abstract Read the following abstract. How does it occupy a niche in relation to larger issues within the field?

32. Task #3 As integrated transducers are combined with increasing amounts of on-chip or in-module circuitry, where to partition the electronic system and how much electronics to include with the “sensor” become major issues. Integrated sensors, particularly those associated with automated manufacturing, are likely to evolve into smart peripherals, and the definition of appropriate sensor interface standards is currently the subject of at least three national committees. This paper describes a possible organization for such devices and appropriate interface protocols. The device described is addressable, programmable, self-testing, compatible with a bidirectional digital sensor bus, and offers 12-bit accuracy using internally-stored compensation coefficients. The design is sufficiently flexible to allow upward-compatible sensor designs to be inserted in existing equipment without reprogramming the host system and will accommodate differing sensor features.

33. 4. LANGUAGE FOCUS: CONNECTING IDEAS

34. 4.1 This + noun phrase This device links the current sentence with the previous one putting “old” or “given” information before “new” information at the beginning of a sentence.

35. Consider the following statement: The first experiment yielded significantly higher results than expected. Which of the following do you prefer? • Itsurprised our research team. • This surprised our research team. • This yield surprised our research team. • This unexpectedly high yield surprised our research team. • This unexpectedly high yield from the first experimentsurprised our research team.

36. 4.2 Connecting Words

37. 4.3 Punctuation There are several ways to link two ICs. Take for example the following two sentences: I like chocolate. She likes vanilla. 1) I like chocolate; she likes vanilla. (IC ; IC) 2) I like chocolate, but she likes vanilla. (IC , conjunction IC) 3) Whereas I like chocolate, she likes vanilla. (DC, IC) 4) I like chocolate whereas she likes vanilla. (IC DC) *note no comma 5) I like chocolate; however, she likes vanilla. (IC ; connecting word, DC)

38. 4.4 A Logically Connected Abstract In this lab we designed, constructed, and analyzed a higher-order filter. Given a set of specifications, we used frequency and amplitude scaling to determine the component values for the high-pass, third order filter. By using a 411 operational amplifier, we built the circuit and verified its performance. The design specifications included a break frequency and the starting values that were derived from the maximally flat condition. Using these values, we scaled the frequency to achieve the desired corner frequency. Next, we scaled the amplitude to put the components into practical ranges. This resulted in the desired circuit, which fulfilled the design requests. We applied a sinusoidal input to filter, and plotted the amplitude and phase on a log-log scale for a wide frequency range. This resulting output was consistent with the desired high-pass filter behavior.

39. 4.4 Academic Vocabulary

40. Thesaurus / Dictionary Or Shift + F7 MSWord

41. 5. Summary 1. Abstract Differs from a Lab Report – Don’t Copy and Paste! 2. Analyze Writings within the Genre; Break it Down into 4 Parts 3. Most Difficult is Locating the Lab Objective within the Larger Issue 4. Language Focus: Connecting Ideas 5. Academic Vocabulary

42. Resources Baugh, S.L. (1997). How to Write Term Papers and Reports, 2nd Edition. Lincolnwood, IL: VGM Career Horizons. Brazier H (1997) Writing a Research Abstract: Structure, Style and Content. Nursing Standard. 11, 48, 34-36. Swales, John M. (1996) Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. (Cambridge Applied Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swales, John and Christine B. Feak, (2004) Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills (Second Edition). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Swales, John M. and Christine B. Feak. (2000) English in Today’s Research World: A Writing Guide. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

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