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The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

14. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan The Mongol Drive to the West The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges.

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The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

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  1. 14 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

  2. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges • The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan • The Mongol Drive to the West • The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

  3. The Last Great Nomadic Challenges

  4. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan • Mongol Culture • Nomadic pastoralists • Goats, sheep • Tribe • Divided into clans • Temporary confederations • Leaders elected

  5. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan

  6. The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan • Kabul Khan • 1100s, defeats Qin forces • Grandson, Temujin • Chinggis Khan • Born Temujin • Develops alliances among Mongols • 1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)

  7. Building the Mongol War Machine • Mounted warriors • Tumens,10,000 troops • Messenger force • Adopted gunpowder, cannons

  8. Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan • 1207, expedition • China • Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated

  9. First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China • Kara Khitai defeated • Mongolian • Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated • Return to China • Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed • 1227, death of Chinggis Khan • Empire from Persia to North China Sea

  10. Life Under the Mongol Imperium • Harsh, tolerant • Chinggis Khan • Capital at Karakorum • Shamanistic • Tolerated other religions • New administration • Commerce thrives

  11. The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire • 1227, division of empire • Three sons, one grandson • Ogedei, third son • Elected great khan

  12. The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire

  13. The Mongol Drive to the West • Golden Horde • Khan's tent • Russia in the 1200s • Many kingdoms • Mongols (Tartars) invade

  14. The Mongol Drive to the West • Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan • 1236, begins conquest of Russia • 1240, Kiev taken and sacked • Novgorod spared

  15. The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange Network

  16. Russia in Bondage • Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde • Commerce benefits • Moscow thrives • Metropolitan head of Orthodox church • Leads Russian resistance to Mongol • Kulikova, 1380 • Golden Horde defeated

  17. Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe • Hungary, 1240 • Death of Ogedei • Batu retreats

  18. The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands • Hulegu • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Ilkhan • West to Mesopotamia, north Africa • 1258, Baghdad sacked • 1260, stopped by Baibars • Egyptian Mamluks

  19. The Mongol Interlude inChinese History • Ogedei renews attack on China • Kubilai Khan • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Attacks Song • 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty • Capital at Tatu (Beijing)

  20. Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture • Mongol women retain liberties • Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential

  21. Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence • Mongol patronage • Attracts scholars, artists • Religious toleration • Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims • Marco Polo • Visits court

  22. Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance • Ethnic Chinese resist • Especially scholar-gentry • Kubilai • Protects peasant lands • Famine relief • Tax, labor burden lessened

  23. The Fall of the House of Yuan • Death of Kubilai • Dynasty already weakened • Song revolt • 1274, 1280, Japan attacked • Failure • By 1350s, territory lost • Ju Yanzhang • Founds Ming dynasty

  24. Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur • Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) • Turkish • Base at Samarkand • 1360s, conquests • Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia

  25. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • 1405, death • Empire dissolves • End of steppe nomad conquests

  26. Global Connections:The Mongol Linkages • Legacy of the Mongol imperium • Negative consequences • New military technology, skills • Trade • Much greater exchange • Traders grow in wealth and sometimes status • China opened to western influence • Plague?

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