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The last Great Nomadic Challenges

The last Great Nomadic Challenges. Ch 14. I. Introduction. The Mongols caused numerous disruptions throughout Europe and Asia Conquered areas very quickly Chinggis Khan- most famous Mongol leader After death, sons divided up his territory

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The last Great Nomadic Challenges

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  1. The last Great Nomadic Challenges Ch 14

  2. I. Introduction • The Mongols caused numerous disruptions throughout Europe and Asia • Conquered areas very quickly • Chinggis Khan- most famous Mongol leader • After death, sons divided up his territory • Were known as very fierce/brutal warriors yet were tolerant and led to peaceful reign

  3. I. Introduction • Mongols • Were nomads whose life revolved around their horses • Military based on cavalry with short bows, lances, hatches and maces • Got their milk, meat and clothing from their herds • Had tents made from hides which they would move when they would settle. • Divided up in clans/tribes • Would unite together from time to time when there was a strong leader

  4. II. Chinggis Khan • Born as Temujin • Grew up in the period after Kabul Khan’s death • Teenage years • Father was poisoned • Temujin was imprisoned by rival clan • Escaped and joined up with another strong clan

  5. II. Chinggis Khan • Temujin developed a reputation by defeating his rivals • A Kuriltai (meeting of all Mongol chiefs) in made Temujin the Khagan- changed his name to Chinggis Khan • Greatly improved military • Divided military in Tumens (10,000 warriors) • Subdivided in various units of 10 • Messengers and spies • Death to deserters • Procured new weapons: Flaming /Exploding arrows, cannons and other gunpowder projectiles

  6. II. Chinggis Khan • Conquest and the Mongol Empire • Ruled ½ million + Mongols • Chinggis loved making war • Death to those who resisted and tributes from those who surrendered • Rewarded brave enemies • Used siege weapons- catapults, rams, bamboo rockets

  7. II. Chinggis Khan • Chinggis first attacked North China • Attacked the Khwarazm Empire ruled by Muhammad Shah II • Completely overwhelmed them after being insulted • Later established a capital in Karakorum • Died in August 1227 while reinvading into Northern China • Death march back to Mongolia for burial

  8. II. Chinggis Khan • Chinggis’sempire was divided among his 3 sons and his grandson Batu (dead son’s son) • Ogedei became the grand kahn • Territories were called khanates

  9. III. Mongolian Westward Expansion • Mongols who invaded Europe were known as the Golden Horde • Russians called them Tartars • Russia was an easy target due to being divided up into small kingdoms • Only time Russia was successfully invaded in the winter • By 1240, Russia fell under Mongol rule for 250 yrs

  10. III. Mongolian Westward Expansion • Russian under Mongols • Caused some peasants to became serfs due to fear of Mongol raids • Some towns profited from increases in trade • Moscow greatly benefited and gained power as a tribute collection center • Eventually gained enough power and following to overthrow the mongols • Battle of Kulikova 1380

  11. III. Mongolian Westward Expansion • Mongol assault on Islam • Destroyed Baghdad in 1258 • Overthrew caliphate and killed 800,000 • Ended a dynasty that lasted for 500+ years • Overthrown by Mamluks

  12. IV. Mongols in China • Mongols invaded China after Ogedei became the great kahn • Campaigns in south China were led by Kubilai Kahn(1235-1279) • 1260 Kublilai Kahn became great kahn • 1271 changed his empire in China to the Yuan (kahn) dynasty

  13. IV. Mongols in China • General life under Kubilai Kahn • Mongols and ethnic Chinese were not allowed to marry • But nomadic women were allowed • Mongols lived in tents even though Kubilai lived in a palace • Would not allow civil service exams • Social Structure: Mongols, Nomadic/Muslim allies, North Chinese and then the Ethnic/South Chinese

  14. IV. Mongols in China • Women in China under Mongol rule • Mongol women did not practice foot binding • Women could keep property • Mongol women were not dainty • Hunted and Kubilai’s daughter wrestled potential suitors • Chabi • Kubilai’s wife • Balanced out Kubilai’s rule and acted as his advisor

  15. IV. Mongols in China • Chinese Culture under Mongols • Opened up China to outside influence • Brought in Muslims and their advancements • Doctors and astronomers were very important • Promoted the arts • Helped boost trade and merchants • Built navy • Welcomed travelers • Marco Polo (helped inspire Europeans to travel to Asia)

  16. V. Fall of House of Yuan • Mongol’s warrior image started to deteriorate • Lost to Japanese, Song Revolts & failures in Vietnam • Started to allow Chinese and Muslims to run bureaucracy • Couldn’t stop piracy • Famines hit • White Lotus Society • Secret society that used “magic” to resist Mongol rule • Mongols lost power and had to retreat from China

  17. V. Fall of House of Yuan • Chaos followed the fall of the Mongols • Poor Peasant, JuYuanzhang took over • Resulted in Ming Dynasty (14th Century) • Lasted for 300 years

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