Exit Exam power point

1. AHSGE study prep for History portion Exit Exam power point

2. Columbus discovery • Spanish began sending conquistadors to conquer and claim the land • To take gold and silver from the natives • Spanish then forced the natives to work as slaves on large farms called plantations. • Disease killed millions of Indians (small pox) • This caused the Spanish to turn to enslaving Africans in the late 1600’s • Most of the slaves came from West Africa • Approximately 20% died on the voyage to America • Sugar was a major crop grown in Latin America because of its value in Europe.

3. British Defeat Spanish Armada • 1607- Britain set up its first colony at Jamestown. • Colony suffered horribly until a crop was found that could be sold for a profit. Tobacco (“brown gold”) • The demand for tobacco created a need for more workers in the colony. (Headright system and indentured servants) • Triangular trade developed between the Americas, Europe, and Africa. • This exchange of goods was called the Columbian Exchange- triangular trade was a huge part of this.The Columbian Exchange caused new goods to be introduced to this continent.

4. Puritans set up Plymouth • The Puritans were very intolerant • Another group of Puritans arrived ten years later-Massachustts Bay Colony ( John Winthrop) • Winthrop envisioned a “city on a hill” • The Massachusetts Colony never suffered like Jamestown because they were hard workers.

5. The Protestant Reformation • Began when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Thesis. He criticized such things as selling of indulgences. • Those who followed Luther were called Protestants. • Also affected the American colonies because many Protestants fled Europe to America.

6. Additional Colonies • William Penn set up Pennsylvania. • Roger Williams set up Rhode Island • Duke of York created New York and New Jersey • Northern and Southern colonies developed very differently • South had a warm climate and good soil- ideal for farming. • North- colder; developed some farming but also early industries • Colonies were growing

7. Mid 1700s- French and Indian war • Britain won and got all French Land west to the Miss. River. • Britain expected the colonies to repay this debt through higher taxes. • Colonists hated these taxes because they had no representation in the British government. • Britain passed laws to control trade in the colonies and raise their taxes. • This would lead directly to the American Revolution.

8. American Revolution • Boston Tea Party- Protest against Britain’s control over the tea trade. • Boston Massacre- the incident was used by colonial leaders to try and get people mad enough to fight Britain. • Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense- the purpose of the pamphlet was to argue the reasons why the colonists would be better off independent.

9. Separate from Britain • 1775- First shots were fired at Lexington and Concord • Largest battle was Bunker Hill • First Continental Congress met and named George Washington as the head of the Continental Army. • July 4, 1776- Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence- written mostly by Thomas Jefferson • Jefferson used many of the ideas of John Locke- natural rights • French finally agreed to aid the colonies after the colonial victory at Saratoga. • Won a huge victory at Yorktown. • Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war.

10. Permanent Government • 1st constitution was called the Articles of Confederation, and it had many problems. • By 1787 the 13 states were acting like 13 nations. • Meeting was held in Philadelphia that became known as the Constitutional Convention. • The U.S. Constitution came out of this meeting.

11. U.S. Constitution • Three branches of government- legislative (congress), executive (president), judicial (federal courts) • Anti-Federalists- feared that the rights of people would suffer. • To win support for ratification (approval) of the Constitution the Federalists who supported this new constitution promised a Bill of Rights. • There are now a total of 27 amendments.

12. U.S. Constitution (cont.) • Contains a provision for separation of powers As well as checks and balances. - Gave the federal government more power, but also preserved the rights of the people. • George Washington 1st president • First political powers formed over the ratification of the Constitution- Federalists and Anti-Federalists. • Constitution creates a federal system shares power with the states. • The Constitution contains an elastic-clause that allows government to “stretch” its powers in order to keep up with the times. • The Constitution contains a supremacy clause that states that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land.

13. Westward Expansion • 1804- President Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France. It doubled the size of the U.S. • Lewis and Clark expedition was organized to explore this new land (Sacajawea served as a guide and interpreter for this expedition. • 2nd war fought with Britain- War of 1812 • U.S. angry over the British policy of impressment (American sailors were basically being kidnapped and forced to serve in the British navy.

14. Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson is responsible for the forced Indian removal from the South- The Trail of Tears. • Jackson is also responsible for the spoils system where he awarded his political supports jobs in the government.

15. Major Amendments Relating to Freedom • 13th Amendment- abolished slavery • 14th- made slaves citizens • 15th- gave African American males the right to vote • 19th-gave women the right to vote

16. Oppose Slavery • Harriet Tubman helped form the underground railroad to help slaves escape the South. • William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglas formed newspapers that spoke against slavery. • Sojourner Truth- an African American woman spoke out for rights for blacks and women.

17. Manifest Destiny • Attempts were made such as the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 to prevent war. • Lewis and Clark explored the west.

18. Civil War • By the 1850s the North and South had grown apart due to the issues of slavery and states’ rights. • Dred Scott decision (Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property and that being in a free territory did not make a slave free) • John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (pushed the nation closer to war) • 1861- war broke out when Southern troops fired on Fort Sumter. • Bloodiest war in American history- approximately 600,000 killed • Major battles- Gettysburg, Bull Run, Antietam, Shiloh, Chancellorsville • President Lincoln led the nation through this period. • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which changed the focus of the war to freeing the slaves. • Jefferson Davis served as President of the Confederate States of America. • South’s major generals- Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson • North’s major generals- George McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman

19. Reconstruction • Republicans in the North’s government used Reconstruction to punish the South for the war and Lincoln’s assassination • Reconstruction was intended to be a way to help give African Americans more rights in the South. • Republicans in the South fit into 3 categories- “carpetbaggers” (Northerners who came to the South after the war; “scalawags”(Southerners who joined the Republican Party; and Africans who joined the Republican Party)

20. Reconstruction ended • 1877- Southern Democrats regained control over their government. • Late 1800s- Plessy vs. Ferguson- Supreme Court case that legalized segregation. • Later in the 1950s- Brown vs. Board of Education- Supreme Court said that facilities were not equal and that America had to integrate

21. Indian Wars fought after the Civil War • Major battle was Little Bighorn where General George Custer and all his men were killed. • Transcontinental Railroad was built • 1848- The U.S. fought a war with Mexico

22. U.S. Begin to Industrialize • Wealthy men called “robber barrens” • Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest” • Many of these people created monopolies that controlled entire industries • Examples: Andrew Carnegie (U.S. Steel), John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil Company) • Many people flocked to the cities to try and find jobs in factories • 1870-1920- 20 million immigrants came to the U.S. • Many discriminated against immigrants by arguing that the immigrants were taking their jobs. • Many children were working in factories. • Cities became overcrowded- sanitation was horrible, diseases spread, little police and fire protection

23. American Imperialism • Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in this war and became a war hero • U.S, gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines as colonies • Progressives fought child labor and alcohol (Prohibition), also to improve living conditions. • Journalists who wrote about corruption in society were called “muckrackers” ex. Upton Sinclair described condition of the meat packing companies. • Horace Mann fought for public education for children. • Progressives got the 17th amendment passed that allowed U.S. senators to be elected directly by the voters in each state.

24. World War I • 1914- World War I broke out • U.S. stayed out of the war until 1917 when German subs would help bring us into the war (sinking the Lusitania) • Russians pulled out of the war in 1917 when the Russian Revolution broke out • War ended in 1918 • After WWI we isolated ourselves to avoid war • Isolationism caused the U.S. not to ratify the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI • The Treaty of Versailles would help cause WWII because of the way it treated Germany (Hitler would use the treaty to help him come to power)

25. Roaring Twenties • People bought cars, loved sports, alcohol was banned, women were called flappers • Jazz age authors- Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald • Came to an end on Oct. 29, 1929 when the stock market crashed- official beginning of the Great Depression • 25% unemployed at one point • President Hoover received much of the blame because he refused to get the government directly involved in helping people

26. Franklin D. Roosevelt • FDR created a huge program to try and pull us out of the Depression- New Deal • New Deal tried to put people to work (WPA,CCC, TVA, etc) • Ultimately, World War II brought about an end to the depression • Factories ran wide open during the war-gave people jobs

27. World War II • Sept. 1,1939- WWII began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland- he quickly took much of Europe. • We did not become involved until we were attacked by Japanese at Pearl Harbor (Dec.7, 1941) • Major battle- June 6, 1944- invasion of Northern France at Germany (D-Day) • After Germany’s defeat the Japanese still would not surrender • U.S. decided to drop atomic bombs in Japan to force them to surrender (President Truman)

28. Alabama Facts • Alabama’s current constitution was written in 1901- very discriminatory against African Americans when written • Booker T. Washington established Tuskegee Institute as a school for blacks • George Washington Carver was Tuskegee’s most famous scientist- experimented with peanuts and sweet potatoes • Dr. William Gorgas helped build the Panama Canal by killing mosquitoes in the canal zone that was killing workers