US History

1. US History Chapter 6 – New Industrial Age

2. Turn to a Clean Sheet of Paper & Set It up Like This: Chapter # & Title Section # & Title Topics & Terms Notes

3. Section 1 – Expansion of Industry

4. Topic 1. Natural Resources Fuel Industrialization • Black Gold • 1859 Edwin Drake – Steam Engine to drill for Oil • Used to make Kerosene then Gasoline for Cars • Bessemer Steel Process • Large Supplies of Coal & Iron in the US • Bessemer Process Allowed Steel to be produced Quickly & Efficiently • New Uses for Steel • Railroads, Barbed Wire, Farm Equipment, Bridges, Skyscrapers

5. Topic 2. Inventions Promote Change • Power of Electricity • 1876 Thomas Edison opens laboratory at Menlo Park • 1890 Electricity was running Factories • Allowed Factories to be more mobile • Inventions Change Lifestyles • 1867 Christopher Sholes – Typewriter • 1876 Alexander G. Bell – Telephone

6. Section 1 Summary: Write your own summary of what is important to remember about section 1. This summary should only be 3-4 sentences.

7. Section 2 – Age of the Railroads

8. Topic 1. Railroads Span Time & Space • National Network • May 10, 1869 Transcontinental Railroad • Promontory, Utah Central Pacific & Union Pacific met • By 1890 180K miles of track spanning the US • Romance & Reality • Railroads met a new start for people • Union Pacific – Irish workers • Central Pacific – Chinese workers • Railroad Time • 1883 US began using Time Zones • Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific

9. Topic 2. Opportunities & Opportunists • New Towns & Markets • Railroads allowed Towns to Specialize and Grow • Pullman • George Pullman created the “Company Town” Model • Credit Mobilier • 1864 railroad construction scandal • Union Pacific pocketed $23 million in Stocks • Major Political officials were involved (VP-Colfax & future President Garfield)

10. Topic 3. The Grange & The Railroads • Railroad Abuses • Misuse of Government Land Grants, Controlled Prices, Price Discrimination • Granger Laws • 1877 Munn v. Illinois Supreme Court Supported Regulations on Railroad Companies • Interstate Commerce Act • 1887 Interstate Commerce Act establishes Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) • ICC tries to control railroad prices • Panic & Consolidation • By 1893 600 Banks & 15K Business had Failed • Large Financial Companies took over business

11. Section 2 Summary: Write your own summary of what is important to remember about section 2. This summary should only be 3-4 sentences.

12. Section 3 – Big Business & Labor

13. Topic 1. Carnegie’s Innovations • New Business Strategies • Efficiency in Production (New Machinery & Technology) to produce Cheaply • Hire Talented People • Vertical Integration – Buying out the Resources & Distribution components • Horizontal Integration – Buying out the Competition

14. Topic 2. Social Darwinism & Business • Principles of Social Darwinism • Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species talks about “Natural Selection” • Business & Markets should not be Regulated by Government • The Best will Survive • New Definition of Success • Hard work will be rewarded with success • The Poor are lazy or inferior

15. Topic 3. Fewer Control More • Growth & Consolidation • Mergers – One Company Buying the Stock of another Company to Control it • Trusts – Different Companies Giving Stock Control over to a group of Trustees to Control the Industry • Rockefeller & the “Robber Barons” • Rockefeller used Economic tactics (Economies of Scale) to force competitors out of business • Tycoons like Rockefeller & Carnegie donated hundreds of millions back to the community • Sherman Antitrust Act • 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form trust companies • Didn’t work very well • Business Boom Bypasses the South • Industrialization passed the South by

16. Topic 4. Labor Unions Emerge • Long Hours & Danger • 12 or more hours per day (6 or 7 days a week) • Dirty, Dangerous, & Deadly • Men, Women, & Children Worked for Low Pay • Early Labor Organizing • NLU – National Labor Union, 1866 • CNLU – Colored National Labor Union • Knight of Labor, 1869 • Arbitration& Strikesthe tools of Unions

17. Topic 5. Union Movements Diverge • Craft Unionism • AFL – American Federation of Labor 1886 • Samuel Gompers • Union of Skilled Workers • Used Strikes & Collective Bargaining to gain higher wages and better working conditions • Industrial Unionism • ARU – American Railway Union 1894 • Eugene Debs • Union of Unskilled, Semiskilled, & Skilled Workers

18. Topic 5. Union Movements Diverge cont. • Socialism & the IWW • Socialism – Economic & Political System based on Government Control of the economy • IWW – Industrial Worker of the World “Wobblies” • 1905 by William “Big Bill” Haywood • Other Labor Activism in the West • Labor Unions formed for Farmworkers & Miners

19. Topic 6. Strikes Turn Violent • Great Strike of 1877 • Railroad workers went on Strike & Shut down 50K miles of track for a week • President Hays sent federal troops to end the strike • Haymarket Affair • Union members gathered to protest police brutality • As they left a riot broke out Several workers were killed • Homestead Strike • Steel works went on Strike • Pinkerton Detectives were hired to control strikers • Scabs– replacement workers

20. Topic 6. Strikes Turn Violent cont. • Pullman Company Strike • 1893 Pullman laid off 3,000 employees & reduce worker pay • Strikes turned violent & Strikers were fired • Women Organize • UMW – United Mine Workers of America 1877 • “Equal pay for Equal work” • Mary H Jones – Led children workers on a march to Theodore Roosevelt’s house • ILGWU – International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union 1909 • 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 146 women were trapped • Management & Government Pressure Unions • “Yellow-Dog Contracts” – Would not join a Union • Used the Sherman Antitrust Act to stop Unions

21. Section 3 Summary: Write your own summary of what is important to remember about section 3. This summary should only be 3-4 sentences.