Passing the Georgia High School Graduation Test and the State End of Course Test

1. Passing the Georgia High School Graduation Test and the State End of Course Test United States History PART ONE U.S History to 1865 Review Material for GHSGT and SEOCT Prepared by Michelle Drayton and Marjorie Seckinger ECHS – 2007-2008

2. Getting Started • This presentation is not intended to be a substitute for classroom instruction. • It is to be used as a review of the key terms, names, and concepts outlined in the standards for Social Studies – United States History • Focus on the sequence of events

3. Social Studies There are five major domains on the GHSGT • Domain 1: American Government/Civics • Domain 2: United States History to 1865 • Domain 3: United States History Since 1865 • Domain 4: World Geography • Domain 5: World History

4. Social Studies Skills The test also includes the use of maps, charts, graphs, and document analysis • Map and Globe • Information Processing Skills

5. Domain 2: U.S History to 1865 • Test questions in this content domain will measure your knowledge of the colonization of North America, the creation of the United States government, the Constitution, expansion, and the crisis of the Civil War.

6. SSUSH1: The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century • Desire for profit led to the settlement of the first successful English colony -Jamestown 1607 -Settled by stockholders of the Virginia Company -Stockholder hoped to make profit from settlement of Jamestown

7. Jamestown • Tobacco became the cash crop – saved the colony from failure • The settlement led to conflict with the Native Americans who differed in their views of land -land was owned communally – no one individual could own the land -crops were gathered by the tribe and shared in common

8. Native American vs. Colonists • Colonists fenced the land and introduced heavy cultivation of the land • Powhatan – Native Americans who lived in the area of Jamestown • Came into conflict with settlers over the land

9. Colonization • House of Burgesses - first legislative assembly • Made laws for the colonists of Virginia and planned its growth and development

10. Colonization • Bacon’s Rebellion -Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry with the Governor for failing to protect them from Native American attacks. They formed an army, defeated the Indians and marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The Governor fled and the rebellion ended when Bacon died of an illness.

11. Development of Slavery • Early attempts to supply labor for the colonies was done in the form of Indentured Servants -indentured servants – worked for a set period of time -failed to supply enough labor to meet the needs - 1619 first African slaves introduced into the colonies

12. French settlement of Quebec • France established trading posts with Native Americans in Canada • Fur trade became an important economic activity between the French and the Indians

13. Settlement of New England • Plymouth- settled by the Pilgrims 1620 - Pilgrims were “separatists” who believed that the Church of England (Anglican Church) could not be “purified” and left England to escape persecution - Puritans believed that the church had too many Catholic rituals and needed to be changed but were not willing to separate from the church.

14. New England • Puritans received the right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area in 1630. • Mayflower Compact – first colonial agreement that formed a government by the consent of the governed • Held town meeting at which all male resident could speak

15. Beginning of Colonial Government • Town meetings were important to the development of democracy in America • Not so democratic - only male members of the Puritan Church could vote of hold office • Puritans banished people who disagreed with them and the Church

16. Dissent • Roger Williams – Rhode Island established on the basis of religious toleration. • He believed that the government should not punish anyone for their religious beliefs • Rhode Island: non-church members could vote, towns could reject laws of the colony’s legislature • Freedom of Religion

17. Puritans • Halfway Covenant – applied to members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who had not received “grace” themselves. It allowed them to participate in some church affairs (This was in response to the declining number of people in the Puritan Church)

18. Puritan • Salem Witch Trials - (Massachusetts) • Began with young girls accusing people of witchcraft – led to 19 hangings and many others imprisoned

19. Native Americans • Native Americans help the settlers of Plymouth to survive the harsh conditions • As the numbers of settlers increased the relationships between the Indians and the settlers changed • Puritans began to force the Indians off of tribal lands

20. Tensions Increase • King Philip’s War 1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between colonists and the Wampanoags, led by King Philip (Metacom) - started when government tried to assert jurisdiction over local Indians - The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks. - Led to opening of new lands to settlement as Indians fled the area.

21. Massachusetts Charter • In an effort of exert more control over the colonist, the King revoked the charter that gave Massachusetts the power to govern themselves. • It became a royal colony and subject to the laws of the Navigation Acts.

22. Mid-Atlantic Colonies • New York • New Jersey • Pennsylvania

23. New York • Settled by the Dutch for fur trade – in competition with the French • Capital was New Amsterdam • Became New York when the English captured it • Name change to New York (after Duke of York) • Became center of trade and commerce

24. Pennsylvania • Settled by the Quakers – left England to escape religious persecution • William Penn received land grant from King Charles II • Experiment in religious toleration • Philadelphia became center of trade

25. SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed. Mercantilism- economic policy in which a nation gains wealth by exporting more than it imports. -Britain exercised control over the colonies by passing laws regarding trade -Colonies became a source of raw materials to be manufactured into finished products by workers in England

26. Navigation Acts • Designed to protect British shipping from foreign competition - Colonist could import goods if they were transported on British ships - Certain goods could only be purchased from or sold to Britain - Served to restrict colonial trade with other countries

27. Trans-Atlantic Trade • Trade between Europe, Africa, the West Indies, and the American colonies • Routes along the Atlantic Coast (not always triangular) • Involved items such as rum, molasses, slaves, and manufactured goods • Middle Passage – part of Triangular Trade route that moved slaves across the Atlantic from Africa to the West Indies. Resulted in many deaths aboard the ships.

28. The Enlightenment • An intellectual movement in which reason and scientific experimentation was emphasized. • Benjamin Franklin was a leading Enlightenment thinker - focused on government, ethics, and science • Believed in individualism (relying on self) • He believed that a man’s worth was measured by his contribution to society • Believed that the world was run by natural laws

29. The Great Awakening • The Great Awakening was a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730’s. • First event to unify the colonies • Revival of faith - encouraged people to get emotional about their religious beliefs • Resulted in the growth of new denominations, the spread of religious toleration and the movement away from the old Puritan Church

30. SSUSH3 The Student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution Differences between French and British colonization • The British • settled mainly along the coast, where they started farms, towns, and governments. More settlement of whole families. Little interaction with natives other than fighting. • The French • Colonized the interior and controlled the fur trade. Most immigrants were single men. Few towns and only loose governmental authority. Lived closely with the Indians and engaged in fur trade.

31. French and Indian War • Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. • Some Indians became allies with the French (Algonquin) because they feared British expansion into their area. • The colonies fought under British commanders

32. French and Indian War • The British won and gained control of French territory – including Canada. • Treaty of Paris 1763 – official end • War left Britain with a huge war debt – they expected the colonists to help pay the debt because the war was fought to protect them from the French.

33. Causes of the American Revolution • Proclamation of 1763 issued by the British at the end of the French and Indian War • Proclamation prohibited settlement of land west of the Appalachian Mts. • Forced colonists already settled there to move back east.

34. Causes of the American Revolution • Purpose: to make peace with the Indians and to reduce the cost of having military to protect the colonists Colonial reaction to Proclamation of 1763 • ANGRY – believed that they would be able to settle in the fur rich Ohio Valley • Some disobeyed and moved into the area

35. Causes of the American Revolution • Stamp Act – passed by Parliament to raise revenue (money) • Required that all official documents (wills, deeds, and contracts) be written on special stamped British paper. • Very unpopular – led to protests

36. Causes of the American Revolution • Stamp Act Congress – formed to protest the Stamp Act • Riots, burned stamped paper, • Boycott of British goods • Forced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act

37. Causes of the American Revolution • Samuel Adams – formed the Sons of Liberty to protests the actions of the British in dealing with the colonists. • Boston Tea Party – Sons of Liberty opposed the passage of taxes without the consent of the colonists. They dumped tea in the harbor as a protest to “taxation without representation.”

38. Causes of the American Revolution • British response to the Boston Tea Party was the Intolerable Acts. (Coercive Acts) - Closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for - Allowed soldiers to be “quartered” (housed) in colonial homes and buildings - Closed colonial courts and disbanded the local government

39. Causes of the American Revolution • Committees of Correspondence – formed as a way to spread information throughout the colonies • Served as a way to encourage support for colonial boycotts and protests

40. Causes of the American Revolution • Thomas Paine wrote “Common Sense” • Encouraged colonists to seek independence • Spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government • Important in turning public opinion in favor of the revolution

41. Causes of the American Revolution • As the colonies grew in size and complexity, the ties with Britain began to weaken • Many believed that they could gain economically through independence • Others believed that their rights were being violated by the British • Some resented the control that King George III attempted to exercise over the colonies • Most resented the fact the the colonies were not represented in Parliament • About 1/3 of the population disagreed – the loyalist- they remained loyal to the King

42. SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution • The American Revolution begins in 1775 with a skirmish at Lexington, Massachusetts • The First Continental Congress acted to form an army and to make George Washington the Commander. • The debate was over independence – even though the war had begun – most were still reluctant to make the final break with Britain

43. Declaring Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson • Uses the philosophy of John Locke – consent of the governed – believes that people give their consent to be governed - if their rights are abused, the people have the right to withdraw their consent and form a new government

44. Declaring Independence • Thomas Jefferson also relied on the work of French philosopher – Charles Montesquieu • Separation of powers – the powers of a government should be divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches so that no one part can become too powerful.

45. Declaration of Independence Two major parts • Part One: gives Jefferson’s view of what a government should be and that all men are entitled to life, liberty, and property (pursuit of happiness) • Part Two: gives a list of grievances against King George III • It offers justificationfor going to war against Britain and declares that the “United States of America is and, by right, ought to be independent.” • Hoped to win support of people in the colonies and leaders of foreign nations

46. Foreign Aid • Benjamin Franklin was the most widely known individual from the colonies. He was respected for his Enlightenment thinking. • Sent to France to persuade them to recognize the colonies as an independent nation • Hoped to gain aid from the French • The French were eventually convinced to help

47. Foreign Aid in the American Revolution • Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben (Prussian) aided the colonists by training troops in military discipline and fighting • France – signed a treaty with the Americans – sent aid in the form of troops, money, loans, and military supplies • The aid of the French Navy at the battle of Yorktown was important in forcing the surrender of the British army under Cornwallis to end the war.

48. Leaders of the Revolution • George Washington – gained some military experience from the French and Indian War • Was not considered good at military strategy –he relied on others to plan battles • Strength was in leadership, motivation, and organization • Strict in discipline and expected the same from his soldiers

49. George Washington • Faced many challenges as commander of the Continental Army - constantly low on supplies, money, and men - army lack experience and military discipline • Valley Forge – considered the low point of the war – winter headquarters for Washington’s Army • Lost 2,000 men to cold and disease

50. George Washington • Although he was not considered a brilliant strategist – his plan to cross the Delaware River and attack the Hessian fort at Trenton boosted the morale of the army and gave them much needed supplies • The Crossing of the Delaware was accomplished on freezing cold Christmas night.