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M.L. Tuchman 1 & R.P. Barbiero 2 1 USEPA GLNPO, Chicago, IL USA

The Status of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Communities in Lake Huron. M.L. Tuchman 1 & R.P. Barbiero 2 1 USEPA GLNPO, Chicago, IL USA 2 DynCorp I&ET, Alexandria, VA USA. Great Lakes National Program Office. USEPA Monitoring Required by GLWQA Began in 1983 Current Sampling Includes:

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M.L. Tuchman 1 & R.P. Barbiero 2 1 USEPA GLNPO, Chicago, IL USA

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  1. The Status of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Communities in Lake Huron M.L. Tuchman1 & R.P. Barbiero2 1USEPA GLNPO, Chicago, IL USA 2DynCorp I&ET, Alexandria, VA USA

  2. Great Lakes National Program Office • USEPA • Monitoring Required by GLWQA • Began in 1983 • Current Sampling Includes: • Phytoplankton • Zooplankton • Benthos • Physical/Chemical Parameters

  3. Great Lakes National Program Office • Focus on Offshore Waters • Emphasis on Spatial Coverage • Biannual Sampling • Spring mixed • Summer stratified

  4. Plankton Sites Plankton & Benthos Sites Benthos Only Sites 1998 Summer Sampling Stations

  5. TOPICS • Phytoplankton • Community Composition, Biomass • Deep Chlorophyll Maximum • Historical Communities • Crustacean Zooplankton • Community Composition • Size Structure of Community

  6. 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 Biovolume (106 mm3/ml) Biovolume (106 mm3/ml) 0.0 0.0 SU MI HU ER ON SU MI HU ER ON 2*106mm3/ml 1*106mm3/ml 0.5*106mm3/ml Phytoplankton Biomass in Lake Huron, 1999 Spring Summer

  7. 100 100 75 75 Percent Composition Percent Composition 50 50 25 25 0 0 SU MI HU ER ON SU MI HU ER ON Other Dinoflagellates Cyanophytes Cryptophytes Chrysophytes Chlorophytes Diatoms Phytoplankton Community Composition, 1999 Spring Summer

  8. Phytoplankton - Conclusions • Productivity Similar to Other Upper Lakes - Intermediate Between Superior and Michigan • Diatoms Dominant Group in Spring • Summer/Fall dominated by Chrysophytes, Diatoms • North/South Differentiation? • Summer Community Similar to Superior

  9. in vivo Chl oC Typical Summer Chlorophyll Profile Epilimnion DCM Metalimnion Depth Hypolimnion

  10. Depth Distribution of Chlorophyll a in Lake Huron Summer 1998 o C 10 20 0 25 Depth (m) 50 75

  11. Shade Adaptation No Increase in Biomass Improved Nutrient Status Higher Nutrients at Depth? Shade Adaptation Increase in Biomass Improved Nutrient Status Higher Nutrients at Depth DCM Comparison: HURON SUPERIOR

  12. Eutrophication in Lake Michigan: Increased Phosphorus Loading  Increased P:Si Ratio  Shift in Summer Dominance from Diatoms to Other Phytoplankton Species Has This Occurred In Lake Huron?

  13. 1.0 Other Chrysophytes 0.5 Diatoms 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Historical Summer Phytoplankton Community Size and Composition Huron Michigan

  14. Other Chrysophytes % Diatoms % 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Historical Summer Phytoplankton Relative Community Composition Huron Michigan

  15. Historical Summer Phytoplankton Communities • Greater Proportion of Diatoms, Compared to Michigan • Indicative of lesser degree of historical eutrophication? • Non-Diatoms Mostly Chrysophytes • Slightly Lower Levels of Biovolume

  16. 100 100 75 75 50 50 Percent Abundance Imm Cyclopoida Percent Abundance Cyclopoida 25 25 Imm Calanoida 0 0 Calanoida SU MI HU ER ON SU MI HU ER ON Other Cladocerans Daphnia Bosmina 20,000/m3 10,000/m3 1,000/m3 Zooplankton Abundance and Community Composition, Lake Huron 1998 Spring Summer

  17. Dominant Crustaceans, Spring 1998 Taxon #/m3 Diaptomid copepodites 1,523 Leptodiaptomusashlandi 1,239 Leptodiaptomussicilis 410 Leptodiaptomusminutus 376 Diacyclopsthomasi 223 Cyclopoid copepodites 154 Limnocalanus copepodites 75 Limnocalanusmacrurus 47 Senecellacalanoides 3

  18. Dominant Crustaceans, Summer 1998 Taxon#/m3 Diaptomid copepodites 3,498 Daphniagaleatamendotae 2,966 Cyclopoid copepodites 2,726 Bosminalongirostris 821 Leptodiaptomusashlandi 466 Leptodiaptomussicilis 440 Leptodiaptomusminutus 371 Diacyclopsthomasi 360 Limnocalanusmacrurus 155

  19. Zooplankton - Conclusions • Community Makeup: • Spring: • Diaptomid copepods dominate • Copepodites abundant • Summer: • D. galeata mendotae, Diaptomids dominate • Biomass Higher in Summer • High Degree of Spatial Homogeneity

  20. Average Individual Biomass and Length of Most Common Crustaceans in Lake Huron Taxonmg/ind. mm/ind. Bythotrephescederstroemi 155.0 3.05 Limnocalanusmacrurus 29.3 2.68 Leptodiaptomussicilis 6.2 1.35 Daphniagalaetamendotae 8.7 1.13 Diacyclopsthomasi 4.2 0.96 Leptodiaptomusashlandi 2.4 0.96 Leptodiaptomusminutus 2.3 0.92 Diaptomid copepodites 1.6 0.71 Cyclops copepodites 0.8 0.57 Bosminalongirostris 2.0 0.40

  21. D. thomasi D. galeata mendotae L. macrurus Bosmina L. sicilis Bythotrephes L. ashlandi L. minutus

  22. 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 Frequency Distribution of Crustacean Lengths, Lake Huron, Station 15, Summer 1998 Frequency Length (mm)

  23. 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 Frequency Distribution of Crustacean Lengths, Lake Huron, Station 15, Summer 1998 Frequency Bosmina Length (mm) Limnocalanus Copepodites Bythotrephes L. sicilis Daphnia L. ashlandi

  24. 600 40 500 400 30 300 20 Biomass (mg/m3) 200 10 100 0 0 0 1 2 3 Frequency Distribution of Crustacean Lengths, And Cumulative Biomass by Length, Lake Huron, Station 15, Summer 1998 Frequency Length (mm)

  25. 600 40 500 400 30 300 20 Biomass (mg/m3) Frequency < 1mm 200 > 1 mm 10 100 Percent of Total Biomass Comprised of Individuals < and > 1mm 0 0 0 1 2 3 Length (mm) Frequency Distribution of Crustacean Lengths, And Cumulative Biomass by Length, Lake Huron, Station 15, Summer 1998

  26. Amount of Biomass Contributed by Individuals < 1 mm and > 1 mm, Summer, 1998 % Biomass SU MI HU ER ON 100 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 < 1 mm > 1 mm Bythotrephes

  27. Mills et al. 1987 If Zooplankton Mean Length > 0.8 mm Piscivore:Planktivore > 0.2 Johannsson et al. 1998: Zooplankton Mean Length Correlated with Zooplankton Biomass/Production

  28. 2 1 0 Zooplankton Mean Length, Summer 1998 Weighted Mean Length (mm) Objective (Mills et al., 1987) C W E SU MI HU ON ER

  29. Zooplankton - Conclusions • Majority of Individuals Small (< 1 mm) • Majority of Biomass (64.7%) From Large Individuals • Mean Size of Community Indicative of High Piscivore/Planktivore Ratio

  30. Historical Summer Phytoplankton Community Size and Composition 1.0 HURON 0.5 0.0 % 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Dinoflagellates Cyanophytes Cryptophytes Chrysophytes Chlorophytes Diatoms

  31. 2 8 0.4 0.3 6 * * Chl:C Chl C 1 4 0.2 2 0.1 0 0 0.0 30 5 4 20 P:C P 3 2 10 1 0 0 Characteristics of DCM in Lake Huron DCM Epilimnion * Significantly Different at a = 0.05

  32. DCM - Conclusions • Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Probably Due To: • Change in configuration of chloroplast • Shade adaptation • No Evidence Of Biomass Maximum At Depth • Some Evidence Of Improved Nutrient Status At Depth

  33. 100 100 75 75 Percent Composition Percent Composition 50 50 25 25 0 0 SU MI HU ER ON SU MI HU ER ON Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Chlorophytes Chrysophytes Cryptophytes Cyanophytes Euglenophytes Dinoflagellates Unidentified flagellates Phytoplankton Community Composition, 1999 Spring Summer

  34. 600 40 500 400 30 300 20 Frequency 200 Cumulative Biomass (mg/m3) 10 Individuals to right of bar > 1mm in length 100 Individuals to left of bar < 1 mm in length 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 mg/Individual Frequency Distribution of Individual Body Weights And Cumulative Biomass, Lake Huron Station 15, Summer 1998

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