18 th c. European Expansion

1. 18th c. European Expansion

2. 18th c. political history? • absolutism & constitutionalism continue • enlightened absolutism (ca. 1750-1790) • French Revolution (1789)

3. 18th c. intellectual history? • Enlightenment (1690-1780)

4. This presentation will address 18th c. European ECONOMIC HISTORY. Essential Questions: How did Europe expand in the 18th century? … internal growth? (rising food production, population boom, expansion of industry) … external growth? (global trade, empire building)

5. I. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

6. Objectives • Compare and contrast farming methods and the supply of food before and after the Agricultural Revolution. • Explain the factors that caused the Low Countries and England to adopt the new methods of the Agricultural Revolution first.

7. 17th c. Economy: Agrarian • 80% of W. Europeans • even more in E. Europe

8. Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System • What it looked like: • open fields, cut into strips for each family • no fences • common landsfor pasturing animals Fallow Wheat/ Beans Common Land Fallow Wheat/ Beans Fallow Wheat/ Beans

9. Agriculture before 1650: The Open-Field System • Problems: • soil exhaustion  fields lie fallow • low output + periods of famine Famine Foods Grass and Bark………. Dandelions………………. Chestnuts………………….

10. Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850) • What: elimination of the fallow • How: (1) crop rotation (2) enclosure

11. Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850) • Consequences: • MUCH more food • rise of market-oriented estate agriculture • proletarianization (landless peasants) Between 1600 and 1900, England’s wheat output tripled. Overall, by 1870 English farmers were producing 300% more food than in 1700 with just 14% more labor!

12. Leaders: Low Countries & England • Low Countries 1st – why: • densely populated • growth of urban areas • England 2nd – students of the Dutch

13. Dutch & English Innovators • Cornelius Vermuyden (Dutch) – drainage • Jethro Tull (English) – seed drill, horses for plowing, selective breeding Seed Drill

14. ii. Population explosion

15. Objective Account for the dramatic population increase in Europe during the 18th century.

16. Population Patterns up to 1700 • irregular cyclical pattern of slow growth • factors that held down growth: • famine • disease • war

19. 18th c. Population Explosion • Why: decline in mortality … • famine: new canals and roads enabled food transport; new foods (potato) • disease: bubonic plague disappeared; improved sanitation • war: less destructive

20. iii. Cottage industry & urban guilds

21. Objectives • Discuss the development of cottage industry and its impact on rural life and economy. • Describe the features of the guild system, explain how it evolved in the 18th century, and explain why the guild system eventually was replaced.

22. Cottage Industry • manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes

23. Cottage Industry: The Putting-Out System • What: merchant capitalist “put out” raw materials to cottage workers, who returned finished products to the merchant • Competitive advantages (over guilds): • low wages • no regulation = experimentation + variety of goods

24. Cottage Industry • 1st in: England, textile industry • family enterprise • spinners can’t keep up with weavers  “spinsters” • conflict b/t workers & merchant-capitalists • erratic pace

25. Urban Guilds • elitist & monopolistic: • restricted membership: men, nepotism, costly • exclusive rights to produce certain goods • access to limited raw materials Guild flags, etching from 1815.

26. Urban Guilds • not open to experimentation? • 18th c.  openness to women (ex. dressmaking) • lost power, late 18th c. – mid-19th c. (FR / rise of free market)

27. “Industrious Revolution” • social/econ Δs of late 17th-early 18th c. • wage work •  leisure time • new pattern = foundation for IR (1780) • Debate over consequences … life better or worse for: • the poor? • women?

28. IV. BUILDING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

29. Objectives • Explain how Britain became the dominant European power in the colonial world. • Describe the development of slavery and its impact on the economy in the Americas. • Explain how Spain recovered in the 18th century after its 17th-century decline. • Describe the hierarchy of Spanish colonial society. • Identify European colonies in Asia. • Explain Adam Smith’s economic theory, and contrast it with mercantilism.

30. 18th c. Commercial Leader: BRITAIN!!!

31. Britain did have rivals: • Dutch • French • Spanish So how did Britain take the lead? Success in war – economic & military.

32. Wars • Navigation Acts (1651-1663) • Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) • War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) • War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

33. 1. Navigation Acts (1651-1663) • econ. warfare: • GB imports must be carried on GB ships (or on ships of country producing the goods) • GB colonies must ship goods on GB (or US) ships + buy goods from GB • Outcome: beat out Dutch

34. 2. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674) • 3 wars • Outcome: not much Δ, but coupled w/ Nav. Acts, Dutch commerce  Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. Britain seized it and renamed it “New York.”

35. 3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) • Cause: threat of French/Spanish union • France vs. Grand Alliance (GB, Dutch, Austria, Prussia)

36. 3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) • Grand Alliance won! • Peace of Utrecht: • Fr/Sp could not be united • France lost Amer. colonies to GB • Spain lost land to Austria & gives control of slave trade to GB Thus: France & Spain decline … GB gains

37. 4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Cause: Prussia (Fred the Great) took Silesia from Austria (MT)

38. 4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Came to include Anglo-French conflicts in India & N. America • Outcome: • Prussian victory • no land Δ in N. America GB’s King George II at Battle of Dettingen – defeated the French. GB fought on Austria’s side.

39. 5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) • Cause: MT wanted Silesia back • France vs. Britain over colonies

40. 5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) • Indecisive in Europe • British victory in colonies • Treaty of Paris: • France & Spain lost land in N. Amer. & India to GB

41. Theme: Land and Trade Monopolization Outcome: Britain realized goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire

42. In the colonies…

43. IN THE COLONIES…. THE AMERICAS

44. Atlantic Slave Trade(18th c. height)

45. Atlantic Slave Trade • plantation agriculture: sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice, cotton • 1700: GB becomes leader • 1770s-80s: GB abolition campaign • 1807: Parli abolished GB slave trade Middle Passage

46. Spanish Revival After its height in the 16th c., and a drastic fall in the 17th, Spain came back in the 18th! • Causes: • better leadership: Philip V (r. 1700-1746) • reforming ministers

47. Spanish Revival • Signs of revival: colonies benefit! • better defense • expansion (ex. Louisiana, CA) • silver mining recovers • new class of wealthy Creoles

48. Spanish Colonial Society • Creole: Spanish blood, born in America • mestizo: mixed Spanish/Indian • debt peonage: • 17th c. labor system • serfdom – owner keeps Indians in bondage by advancing pay

49. IN THE COLONIES…. ASIA

50. Portugal (16th c.) Outposts in Indian Ocean trading world