Increased Productive Capacity and its Consequences

1. Increased Productive Capacity and its Consequences Key Concept 3.3

2. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions. • Agricultural production increased significantly due to technology • Exports expanded production • The fate of cities varied; periods of decline and growth happened because of productivity and trade. • Multiple factors in decline of urbanization. • Multiple factors contributed to urban revival. • New cities emerged while older cities declined. • Labor management changes. • Labor organizations. • Coerced labor and slaves. • Free peasant revolts against taxes. • Patriarchy continued but women were exercising more freedoms. Outline

3. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations. • The horse collar made it possible for a horse to pull a plow. • Crop rotations increased yield. • Horseshoe protecting horses’ hooves. • Chinampas system in the Aztec society. • Crops transported from homelands to equivalent climates in other regions (for example: rice) Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.

4. China • Ceramics, porcelain, and silk • Iron and steel • Persia • Ceramics, rugs, copper, glass, brass, art, and silk • India • Brass, art, cotton, and cloth. • All of these products were exchanged throughout Afro-Eurasia along the Silk Roads and Indian Ocean trading networks. Exports expanded production.

5. Multiple factors in decline of urbanization. • Fall of the empires • Population fled to the countryside • Trade hurt • Disease • Decline of agricultural productivity. • The Little Ice Age. The fate of cities varied; periods of decline and growth happened because of productivity and trade.

6. Trade routes made safer. • Employment opportunities. • Methods for food production became more efficient. • Chinampas system • Climate change. • Forced labor freed. Multiple factors contributed to the revival of cities.

7. Tang and Song Dynasties • Chang’an • Hangzhou • “The best city in the world” • Aztecs • Tenochtitlan • “the foundation of heaven” • Europe • Venice • Constantinople New cities emerged while older cities declined.

8. Labor organizations. • Agricultural (coerced) labor still the main form of labor. • Free peasant agriculture. • Nomadic pastoralism. • Craft production and guild organizations. • Government-imposed labor taxes. • Military obligations. Labor management changes.

9. European and Japanese feudalism: • Serfs v. slaves? • Russia/Eastern Europe peasants volunteered themselves for serfdom to avoid taxes. • Inca Empire: • Mita system: each person owed compulsory services to the state (khipu kept count) • Revival of empires meant more slave labor. • Military expansion meant more slave labor. • Africa and Eastern Europe primary slave sources. Coerced labor and slaves.

10. In the Americas and Afro-Eurasia • Government suppressed these revolts, but it led to decreased agricultural output • China • Peasant revolts were seen as a sign that the emperor might be losing his mandate of heaven Free peasant revolts against taxes.

11. In most parts of the world, your social status was determined by your birth. • South Asia continued caste system. • Byzatines and Ottomans allowed people to climb the social ladder via military service or being a successful merchant. • Patriarchy continued but women were exercising more freedoms. • With the exception of Tang and Song China! • Dar-Al Islam kept traditional view of women. • Vietnamese women led revolts against the Chinese. • Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty. • Women who died in childbirth in Aztec culture given same honor as soldiers. Social Structure