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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 2 Compounds and Chemical Reactions

CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 2 Compounds and Chemical Reactions. 1. Structure of an Atom. subatomic particles. electrons (‘cloud’). neutrons (nucleus). protons (nucleus). m(n) / m(e) ≈ 2000 . m(n) > m(p) . 2. Atomic & Mass Number. mass number (number of protons plus neutrons).

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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 2 Compounds and Chemical Reactions

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  1. CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 2 Compounds and Chemical Reactions

  2. 1. Structure of an Atom subatomic particles electrons (‘cloud’) neutrons (nucleus) protons (nucleus) m(n) / m(e) ≈ 2000 m(n) > m(p)

  3. 2. Atomic & Mass Number mass number (number of protons plus neutrons) atomic number (number of protons) (number of electrons)

  4. Compounds & Chemical Reactions • Compounds • 2. The Chemical Formula • 3. The Chemical Equation • 4. Energy in Chemical Reactions • 5. The Name of Chemicals

  5. 1. Compounds molecular compounds ionic compounds EXP1

  6. Molecular Compounds 1. consist of electrically neutral particles called molecules 2. each molecule consists of atoms 3. atoms are connected via electrons 4. connections are called bonds (‘springs’) EXP2

  7. Molecular Compounds Group Period IVA VA VIA VIIA Noble Gas 2 CH4 NH3 H2O HF Ne 3 SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl Ar 4 GeH4 AsH3 H2Se HBr Kr 5 SbH3 H2Te HI Xe lots of molecules contain hydrogen EXP3

  8. Jupiter H2, He CH4 PH3 EXP4

  9. Saturn H2O (s) H2, He CH4 NH3/PH3

  10. Ionic Compounds I 1. consist of charged particles 2. charged particles are called ions 3. ions are formed by electron transfers from atoms atom (neutral) take electron(s) (oxidation) add electron(s) (reduction) cation(Na+) (positive charge) anion(Cl-) (negative charge)

  11. Ionic Compounds II 4. ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces non-metal metal EXP5 NaCl MgO

  12. 2. The Chemical Formula collection of chemical symbols used to describe the composition of elements and compounds EXP6

  13. F2

  14. O2

  15. S8

  16. N2

  17. P4

  18. H2

  19. 2. The Chemical Formula collection of chemical symbols used to describe the composition of elementsand compounds NaCl H2O Fe2O3 CaSO4  2 H2O

  20. Compounds & Chemical Reactions • Compounds • 2. The Chemical Formula • 3. The Chemical Equation • 4. Energy in Chemical Reactions • 5. The Name of Chemicals

  21. 3. The Chemical Equation chemical equation describes what happens in a chemical reaction chemical reaction is combination of elements and/or compounds  2 H2 + O2 H2O 2 balancing & mass conservation

  22. 3. The Chemical Equation 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O s = solid l = liquid g = gas aq = aqueous solution 2 H2(g) + O2 (g)  2 H2O (l)

  23. Examples • phosphor with oxygen 2. sulfur with oxygen 3. methane with oxygen EXP7

  24. Compounds & Chemical Reactions • Compounds • 2. The Chemical Formula • 3. The Chemical Equation • 4. Energy in Chemical Reactions • 5. The Name of Chemicals

  25. 4. Energy in Chemical Reactions a chemical reaction either absorbs or releases energy (heat or light) releasing energy (heat) exothermic absorb energy (heat) endothermic EXP1/2

  26. KINETIC ENERGY energy of an object due to its motion Ekin = ½  m  v2 POTENTIAL ENERGY energy of an object due to its position Epot = m  g  h EXP3 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Etotal = Epot + Ekin = constant chemical energy is a form of potential energy

  27. Compounds & Chemical Reactions • Compounds • 2. The Chemical Formula • 3. The Chemical Equation • 4. Energy in Chemical Reactions • 5. The Name of Chemicals

  28. Organic Compounds compounds containing mostly hydrogen and carbon minor amount other elements (N, O, S, P…) hydrocarbons H C alkanes CnH2n+2

  29. Organic Compounds? CO2 C4H10 H2CO CO H2O C4H10 combustion EXP4

  30. Titan – Saturn’s Largest Moon

  31. Cassini-Huygens Mission

  32. Cassini-Huygens Mission

  33. Inorganic Compounds binary compounds compounds consisting of ONLY TWO different elements NaCl CO2 CaSO4 naming compounds nomenclature nomen (Latin) = name

  34. Metal (Main Group) + Non-Metal part one (metal) part two English name of element stem + ide NaCl MgO BeS symbol stem first element second element O ox- oxygen oxide S sulf- sulfur sulfide N nitr- nitrogen nitride P phosph- phosphorus phosphide F fluor- fluorine fluoride Cl chlor- chlorine chloride Br brom- bromine bromide I iod- iodine iodide

  35. Nomenclature Inorganic Compounds main group metal metal + stem + ide ionic compounds (metal + non-metal)

  36. Molecular Compounds PF3 PF5 CO CO2 HCl N2O5 NO NO2 Greek Prefixes mono- = 1 (often omitted) hexa- = 6 di- = 2 hepta- = 7 tri- = 3 octa- = 8 tetra- = 4 nona- = 9 penta- = 5 deca- = 10

  37. Nomenclature Inorganic Compounds main group metal element + stem + ide ionic compounds (metal + non-metal) molecular compounds stem + ide prefix + element + prefix +

  38. Nomenclature Inorganic Compounds main group metal element + stem + ide ionic compounds (metal + non-metal) trans. group metal molecular compounds stem + ide prefix + element + prefix +

  39. ionic compounds cations & anions compounds must be electrically neutral Mn+ Em- nonmetals metals transition metals charge state of ions

  40. -/+ 2/4 -/+ 3/5 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 CaCl2 K2S main group metals – always start with cation

  41. NiCl2 CuO CuCl Mn2O3 B2O3 transition metals – always start with anions include oxidation state in name – no prefixes

  42. Nomenclature Inorganic Compounds main group metal element + stem + ide ionic compounds (metal + non-metal) trans. group metal oxstate + metal + stem + ide molecular compounds stem + ide prefix + element + prefix +

  43. molecular compounds ionic compounds polyatomic ionic compounds ammonium chloride sodium dichromate magnesium carbonate rubidium sulfate calcium phosphate

  44. molecular & ionic compounds properties melting point molecular compounds – weak interactions (gases, liquids) – low melting point ionic compounds – strong interactions (solids) – high melting point electrical conductivity molecular – do not conduct electricity in solid or liquid state ionic – do not conduct electricity in solid state ionic – conduct electricity in liquid and aqueous state

  45. Compounds & Chemical Reactions • Compounds • 2. The Chemical Formula • 3. The Chemical Equation • 4. Energy in Chemical Reactions • 5. The Name of Chemicals

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