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Aristotle

Aristotle . 384 BC – 322 BC. Aristotle. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbgHbzrL3d0. Background- Who Was Aristotle? . Greek Philosopher Studied under Plato at The Academy (thus, was ultimately influenced by Socrates as well)

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Aristotle

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  1. Aristotle 384 BC – 322 BC

  2. Aristotle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbgHbzrL3d0

  3. Background- Who Was Aristotle? • Greek Philosopher • Studied under Plato at The Academy (thus, was ultimately influenced by Socrates as well) • Wrote about a wide range of subjects that include but are not limited to: - Politics - Ethics - Logic -Theatre/ poetry -Rhetoric

  4. Aristotle on Logic • One of Aristotle’s central disagreements with Plato was with Plato’s Theory of Forms • Aristotle argued, if it can be seen and observed, logically, it must be real (remember, Plato argued, everything we see and observe is a carbon copy the “true” form)

  5. Syllogisms • Aristotle's logic revolves around one principle: the deduction (sullogismos). • A deduction is speech (logos) in which, certain things are supposed. Each of the “things supposed” is apremise (protasis) of the argument, and what “results of necessity” is the conclusion (sumperasma). • The core of this definition is the notion of “resulting of necessity” (ex anankêssumbainein). This corresponds to a modern notion of logical consequence: “If this occurs… then this must be the result”

  6. You can often find this type of "If...then" statement in mathematical proofs, and that is due to the far-reaching influence of Aristotelian methods. They changed the face of scientific thought in their time, and for almost 2000 years after, allowed deductions of new truths to be made from established facts or principles.

  7. Example

  8. Moral Virtue • Actions that are made voluntarily ; no one forcing you to “do the right thing” • Taught morality from the society in which you were brought up (i.e., relative) • Finding a balance in between pleasure and pain so as not to deny yourself, but also not overindulge • Choosing to do the “wrong” thing or make what society would define as an immoral decision, would be considered vicious against others • Some people act on the basis of emotions, even though it is not what they choose. This is not vice according to Aristotle's definition, but "akrasia", sometimes called weakness of will (inability to “master yourself”) In English, the person who would choose the virtuous option but does not, is sometimes translated as "incontinent" in opposition to having vice or being "vicious"

  9. Does this sound anything like Plato’s theory that divides the soul into three parts?

  10. How does all this apply to Justice? • Justice can mean either lawfulness or fairness • The laws encourage people to behave virtuously, so the just person, who by definition is lawful, will necessarily be virtuous • Virtue differs from justice because it deals with one’s moral state, while justice deals with one’s relations with others (practical application for your morality!)

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