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Aristotle

Aristotle. Stagira 384 B.C. – Chalcis 322 B.C. Life: .

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Aristotle

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  1. Aristotle Stagira 384 B.C. – Chalcis 322 B.C.

  2. Life: Aristotlewasborn in Stagira in 384 B.C.Whenhewas 17 yearsoldhewenttoAthens and entered the Plato’s Academy; heattendedPlato’s schoolfortwentyyears (however , Aristotle’s philosophydiffersfrom the oneofPlato). Then, Philip II ofMacedoninvitedhimtobecomeAlexander’s (his son, thencalled ‘the Great’) tutor. Because of being Alexander’s teacher, Aristotlegot big economicalresources with which he opened a school in Athens, called ‘Lyceum’. Alexander’s deathforcedhim to runaway (an anti-Macedoniansentimentwasspreading in Athens) to Chalcis, where he died in 322 B.C. Raphael: The schoolofAthens; On the left: Plato On the right: Aristotle

  3. Aristotle’s writing are divisible in twogroups: • Esotericworks: directedtohispupils • Exotericsworks: popularworks, directedto people whodidn’t study in hisLyceum Hiswritings are about: • Logic • Metaphysics • Physics • Psychology • Ethics, politics, rhetoric and poetics

  4. Metaphysics • alsocalled‘firstphilosophy’; it’s the knowledge of immaterialbeing. Itstudies the being in general. Aristotlewondered: whatis the being? Hethoughtthat the being can’t bedefined in a single way, becauseithas a multiplicityofmeanings. Amongthis the mostimportants are: The beingasaccident The beingastruth The beingasaction and ability The beingascategories

  5. Aristotle and the categories The categories, in Aristotle’s opinion, are the fundamental and structuralcaracteristicof the being. They are: • SUBSTANCE • QUALITY • QUANTITY • RELATION • TO ACT • TO SUFFER • PLACE • TIME • TO OWN • TO LIE The mostimportantcategoryis, however, the oneofsubstance and the othersrefertoit. Substanceiswhatis and keepbeing, whatlasts and doesn’t change. The substanceischaracterized by threeprinciples:

  6. 1.No contradiction: A can’t bedifferentfrom A. There’s no possibilitythatanobjectdifferentfrom A has the samepropertiesof A 2.Identity A=A Everyobjectisequaltoitself. 3.Tertium non datur Toknow the reality weneedtoknow the causesofevents. There are fourtypesof cause in a event: 1. Material 2. Formal 3. Final 4. Efficient

  7. Aristotlealsoclassifies the knowledge: metaphysics Theystudywhatisnecessary, whatis in a certain way and can’t bedifferent physics theoretical maths ethics knowledge practical politics Theystudy and representwhatis optional and possible, butnotessential art poetical technique Ex: 1. A triangle, tobe so, musthavethreeangles and threesides. (NECESSARY) 2. Dante wrote: ‘Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita..’, buthecouldhavewrittenthis in a different way or couldhaven’t writtenit at all. (OPTIONAL)

  8. Logic (calledbyAristotle ‘organon’: the fundamentalvehicleofphylosophy) Aristotleisalsoconsidered the founderoflogic, whichis the theoryofreasoning; the science ofvalidreasoning. The logicisformal, likemaths, forithastobevalidforeveryone. A = B A = C Classicexampleoflogicreasoning, universallyacknowledged B = C Hedifferentiates in a concept: Intension: word whichisusedbyAristotleassynonymousofcomprehension; fundamentalcharacteristicthatjoinsthingspresent in the groupofextension Extension: numberofelementwhich are joined in the groupofintension “Intensionisinverselyproportionaltoextension”

  9. ARISTOTLE ALSO DIFFERENTIATES BETWEEN REASONING: ≠ Inductive: Deductive: particulargeneral generalparticular example: induction Almostall people are tallerthan 1.40 metres Sally is a person Sally isalmostcertainlytallerthan 1.40 metres example: deduction Allmen are mortal Aristotleis a man therefore, Aristotleismortal Men Aristotle

  10. WhenAristotletalksaboutreasoninghereferstosyllogistreasoningwhichis the deductionhadfrom the unionoftwosentences. We can have a syllogismonlyif in the twosentencesthere’s a middle term, a term in common. No deductionifthere’s notany middle term. The syllogismconsistsofthreeparts: • Major premise Allmen are mortal • Minor premise Socratesis a man • ConclusionSocratesismortal There can befourtypesofsyllogism: M=middle term P=predicate S=subject

  11. *Whatkindofsentence can wehave in ourreasoning? We can havefourkindsofdifferentsentence 1.Universal and affermative = A Every man ismortal 2. Universal and negative = E No man ismortal 3. Particular and affermative = I Some men are mortal 4. Particular and negative = O Some men are notmortal

  12. squareofopposition Omne S est P Nullum S est P ADFIRMO NEGO Quoddam S est P Quoddam S non est P A andE are contraries: they’re quantitativelyequalsbutqualitativelydifferents; oneofthemmaybetrue EandI/A andOare contradictories: quantitativelydifferents; oneexcludes the other I andO are subcontraries: quantitativelyequals, theyboth can betrue, because, thoughpartiallycontraries, they don’t excludeeachother. A andI/ E andOare subalterns: they don’t contradicteachotherbecause I and O are included in A and E

  13. Physics Aristotle’s physiscswas the official science until Galileo. He distinguishesbetween the the physics of: TERRESTRIAL BODIES which are subject to changes; they’reimperfect and made up of the fourelements (air, water, fire, soil) CELESTIAL BODIES consideredperfectbyAristotle; they’re notsubjecttoanychange and are madeof the fifthessence (called ‘etere’). The quintessenceisconceivedas a divine and perfectelementwhichissimilarto the air (asphysic state) The movementofcelestialbodiesisperfectlycircular The oneof the terrestrialbodiesisonlyverticalbecause the movementof the fourelements can beonlyperpendicular, and Aristotlesaidthatbyobserving some event:

  14. The air in the water shapes some bubbles, so there’s a verticalmovement. Whenwe pour some water in a glasswe can seethatitfalls down.

  15. Byobserving the fireyou can seethatitgoes up Ifyou put some soil in a receptacleof water, you’llseethat the soilsettle on the bottom.

  16. Aristotlewasalsointerested in the fallofbodies • Hethoughtthat • the velocityof the fallwasdirectlyproportionaltoitsweigh; hedidn’t acknowledge the existenceof the vacuum. • the earthdoesn’t move, becauseifitdid: • 1. Itwouldbewindyall the time • 2. The fallofbodieswouldn’t bevertical • 3. Birdswouldn’t arrivetotheirdestination In Aristotle’s opinion: F=mv Secondlawofmotion (Newton’s): F=ma

  17. In hiswritingofphysics, Aristotletalksaboutbecomingmeantasmovement and change. Aristotledefines the becomingasa transfer from the power to the deed. Capacityofsubstanceto assume anotherform Fulfillmentof the power Nicole Montis 3^E

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