Ch. 8 (Unit 2)

1. Ch. 8 (Unit 2) Confederation to Constitution

2. Essential Questions • How do you form a government? • How did the divergent views regarding the powers of the national government influence the creation of the Constitution • How does the Constitution shape the Federal and state government? • What compromises had to be made to form the Constitution? • How did the views of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists differ?

3. New State Governments • After the war, each state set out to create its own government • Some states experimented with creating separate branches of government, giving different powers to different branches. This, they hoped, would prevent the government from becoming too powerful. • Some states had a Bill of Rights. This idea came from the English Bill of Rights of 1689 • Every state had republican form of government. • In a republic, the people choose representatives to govern them

4. The Articles of Confederation • In 1776, the Continental Congress began developing a plan for a national government. • Delegates disagreed about how states would be represented and if states or the national government should have more power

5. Articles of Confederation (2) • The Continental Congress eventually reached a plan, called the Articles of Confederation • The Articles gave the national government very few powers. • The most important powers, like enforcing laws and setting taxes, were left to the states. • In 1781, all states ratified or accepted the Articles

6. Weaknesses of the Articles • Lacked power to enforce laws • Lacked power to levy taxes • Lacked power to regulate trade among the states • Required all 13 states to approve changes in the Articles

7. The Land Ordinance of 1785 • Land Ordinance of 1785 called for people to stake out 6 mile square plots (townships) in Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota

8. The Northwest Ordinance • The Northwest Ordinance described how the Northwest territory would be governed • When there were 5,000 males in an area, men who owned at least 50 acres of land could elect an assembly • When there were 60,000 people, they could apply to be a new state • Also set conditions for settlement in the Northwest Territory, for example, slavery was outlawed and freedom of religion was guaranteed. Why is the Northwest Ordinance important?

9. Shay’s Rebellion • Problems arose in the mid 1780s: people had little money but continued to have to pay high taxes • Many Massachusetts farmers fell deeply into debt • Anyone who couldn’t re-pay debts had his land auctioned off • Farmers, led by Daniel Shay, rebelled in January of 1787 • The state militia was able to put down the rebellion

10. After Notes • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ceb1wkSamG4 • After we watch the clip, your task is to begin writing a letter to the local newspaper (pretend!) arguing in support of or against the Articles of Confederation. • Be sure to explain WHY it is a good or bad idea • Intro (what are the Articles?), body (what’s your argument?), and conclusion (re-state) • Start off: Dear Editor, • Don’t finish? HW!

11. Ch. 8 Section 2

12. Constitutional Convention • 1st time, held in Annapolis, Maryland • Because of poor turnout, Delegates called another meeting. It was held in Philadelphia • Key Players : James Madison, Roger Sherman, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington • Because of the disturbing • Shays’s Rebellion, 12 states sent delegates to Philly

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ceb1wkSamG4

14. 55 DELEGATES MET IN PHILADELPHIA IN SEPTEMBER 1787 AND DECIDED TO DRAFT A NEW CONSTITUTION RATHER THAN REVISE THE ARTICLES Summer 1787 - Independence Hall in Philadelphia 12 states sent delegates (Rhode Island didn’t send delegates) Original purpose was to discuss way to fix the Articles of Confederation The 55 delegates were among the most educated in America - Called the “Founding Fathers”

15. Different Ideas… • DIFFERENT FACTIONS AT • THE CONVENTION • FACTIONS ARE GROUPS OF PEOPLE UNITED BY A COMMON BELIEF, LIKE AN INTEREST GROUP • SMALL STATES VERSUS LARGE STATES • SLAVE HOLDERS VERSUS ANTISLAVERY ADVOCATES • STRONGCENTRAL • GOVERNMENT VERSUS WEAK

16. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION… • Delegates decided to keep all • of their discussions secret • (nailed the windows shut) • Most of our records come • from James Madison’s notes • James Madison - known as the “Father of the • Constitution” • Many of its principles are based on his ideas • Delegates had to develop a strong government without • infringing on people’s liberties (taking away)

17. Round 1…… How to set up the Government…

18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ceb1wkSamG4

19. The Great Compromise • Developed by Roger Sherman from Connecticut • Legislature would have 2 houses • People would be represented in the lower house (House of Representatives) -Based on population (larger states have more representatives) -2 year terms • States would be represented in the upper house -Every state would have the same number of representatives (2 per state) -6 year terms

20. Three-Fifths Compromise: Slavery • THE SOUTHERN STATES WERE ALLOWED TO COUNT SLAVES AS 3/5 OF A PERSON FOR REPRESENTATION PURPOSES IN THE HOUSE • SLAVES WERE ALSO COUNTED TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF FEDERAL TAXES OWED BY EACH OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. • THE SLAVE TRADE WAS ALLOWED TO CONTINUE UNTIL 1808, HOWEVER ALL OF THE NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS EXCEPT GEORGIA’S BANNED OVERSEAS SLAVE TRADE.