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THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN EDUCATION. Teachers, Schools, and Society A Brief Introduction to Education EDUCATIONAL REFORM David Miller Sadker Karen R. Zittleman. Chapter 5R. Evolution of American Education Elementary Schools. Dame Schools – 1600’s (private child care-schooling)
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THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN EDUCATION Teachers,Schools,andSociety A Brief Introduction to Education EDUCATIONAL REFORM David Miller Sadker Karen R. Zittleman Chapter 5R
Evolution of American Education Elementary Schools • Dame Schools – 1600’s (private child care-schooling) • Local Schools – 1600’s – 1800’s (New England – religion and basic skills) • Itinerant 1700’s Schools and Tutors 1600’s-1900’s – (rural traveling teachers and also for wealthy) • Private Schools – 1700’s -1800’s –middle colonies, varied according to ability to pay • Common Schools – 1830 – Present – free, open to all social classes, democracy to the classroom, Horace Mann’s vision, later kindergarten, pre- K and Head Start
Evolution of American Education Secondary Schools • Latin Grammar Schools – 1600s-1700s for wealthy, study Latin, Greek and Roman - tuition • English Grammar Schools – 1700s – preparation for business careers, practical studies, some females, prep for society, tuition • Academies – 1700s – 1800’s – taught English, some prep for college as well as business, tuition • High Schools – 1800s-present – open to all social classes, prep for college and business, public funding • Junior High 1909-present, Middle Schools 1950s-present designed to meet needs of pre-adolescents, prep for HS
Initiatives for Change • Kalamazoo Michigan case 1874 tax support of high schools set precedent • NEA Committee of Ten 1892 establishes the “Carnegie Unit” and national policy for high school gifted students prep for college • NEA Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education 1918 set policy for all high school students. Beginnings of national broad based research informing educational decisions affecting all high school students • A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform 1983- President Reagan, begins strong federal policy direction of national education, elementary & secondary
Contributors to American Educational Reform • Jean-Jacques Rousseau – democracy, child development • Emma Hart Willard - higher education for women, teacher prep • Friedrich Froebel – formed 1st “child’s garden” in 1837 • Prudence Crandall – abolitionist advertised in Liberator • Maria Montessori – early childhood teaching, individual • Mary McLeod Bethune – education of blacks thru college • Sylvia Ashton-Warner – “key vocabulary system” for teaching reading, individualized • Kenneth Clark – “white and black doll study” cited in Brown vs. Board 1954 as proof that separate is unequal • Paulo Reglus Neves Freire – “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” challenges status quo governments in Brazil and U.S.
