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PATIENT CARE IN RADIOGRAPHY

PATIENT CARE IN RADIOGRAPHY. CLASS #1 REFERENCES; ERHLICH. RADIATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. “When the term ‘radiation’ is used, it generally evokes concern and a sense of danger” Introduction to Radiology Technology and Patient Care, Adler and Carlton 1999. WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN

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PATIENT CARE IN RADIOGRAPHY

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  1. PATIENT CARE IN RADIOGRAPHY CLASS #1 REFERENCES; ERHLICH

  2. RADIATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! “When the term ‘radiation’ is used, it generally evokes concern and a sense of danger” Introduction to Radiology Technology and Patient Care, Adler and Carlton 1999

  3. WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN SIR WILLIAM CROOKS ”X” WILLIAM COOLIDGE H.C.SNOOKS THOMAS EDISON CLARENCE DALLY GEORGE EASTMAN DISCOVERED X-RAYS CATHODE RAY TUBE UNKNOWN ENERGY HOT CATHODE RAY TUBE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FLUOROSCOPY ROENTGEN MARTYR PLASTIC FILM HISTORY NOV. 8, 1895

  4. RADIATION INJURIESEARLY 20TH CENTURY • SKIN BURNS • HAIR LOSS • ANEMIA • TO BOTH PT AND DOCTOR

  5. HISTORY OF RADIOGRAPHERS • PHYSICISTS • OJT (TECHNICIANS) • HOSPITAL BASED PROGRAMS • COMMUNITY COLLEGES

  6. OVERVIEW OF RADIOLOGY AND RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURESWHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

  7. HOW ARE X-RAYS PRODUCED?http://www.oucom.ohio.edu/dbms-witmer/anatomy_immersion.htm

  8. X-RAY PRODUCTIONAN OVERVIEW • VACUUM TUBE----WHY? • SOURCE OF ELECTRONS (TUNGSTON)WHY? • TARGET (TUNGSTON) WHY? • HIGH POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE(VOLTAGE) WHY?

  9. RAD. TERMS/FACTS • ELECTRON CLOUD • SPACE CHARGE • 99% HEAT • 1% X-RAY • WAVELENGTHS • AMPLITUDE • FREQUENCY • SHORTER THE WAVELENGTH ,THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY

  10. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION • GAMMA • X-RAY • VISIBLE LIGHT • MICROWAVES • RADIO WAVES • COMPARE THE WAVELENGTH (SHORTER OR LONGER?) THE FREQUENCY (LONGER OR SHORTER) OF THESE ENERGIES TO X-RAYS

  11. TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINES AFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS CAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS TO BODY TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINES AFFECT PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS CAN PRODUCE HARMFUL EFFECTS TO BODY X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT

  12. X-RAY VS VISIBLE LIGHT • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

  13. IONIZATIONIT’S NOT AS BAD AS IT SOUNDS!!!!

  14. Ionization is the process of when a neutral atom loses or gains an electron. When the loss or gain occurs, a net charge is produced. Ionization can disrupt matter.

  15. MAN-MADE X-RAYS NUCLEAR POWER /WASTE NATURAL COSMIC RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IN EARTH POTASSIUM 40 SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION Bushong, pgs 5-6

  16. Small area of target Cone shaped Primary beam Radiation field Central ray collimator Scatter Why is called that? THE X-RAY BEAM

  17. RETURN TO SCAVENGER HUNT RESULTS AND REVIEW • Add the following to your scavenger hunt notes • DISTANCE • SID AND OID • DENSITY • mA, mAs • CONTRAST • kVp

  18. ROENTGEN RAD REM CURIE MILLI- 1000TH OF A UNIT COULOUMB GRAY SIEVERT BECQUEREL UNITS OF MEASUREMENT IN RADIOGRAPHYTRADITIONAL SI UNIT

  19. Weighting Factor • Useful for measuring occupational dose • Look at the table 1-3 on page 29…which of these ionizing radiation do you think would produce the most harm? • Why?

  20. Brief overview of radiobiology • Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau pg 30 in Ehrlich • Age • Differentiation • Metabolic rate • Mitotic rate • Effects • Short term/Long term somatic • Genetic

  21. KEEPING SAFE • We just discussed a method of recording radiation…how do we keep this exposure to its lowest level • QUIT THE PROGRAM?????? • No…there are better ways!!!!!

  22. MEASURING RADIATION FOR THE RADIOGRAPHER • FILM BADGE • TLD • OSL • CONTROL • 5 rem per year • 1 rem x age is cumulative dose limit

  23. Cardinal principles of protection • TIME • DISTANCE • SHIELDING • DESCRIBE HOW THESE APPLY TO BOTH PATIENT AND OCCUPATIONAL WORKER? • PRIMARY BEAM AND CR

  24. ALARA • AS • LOW • AS • REASONABLY • ACHIEVABLE

  25. PATIENT PROTECTION • ERRORS • REPEATS • COLLIMATION • HIGHEST KVP. WHY? • FAST SCREEN/FILM • AT LEAST 40” SID

  26. Patients are frightened about radiation • What can we say or do to educate them?

  27. OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION • YOU TELL ME! • .5MM LEAD SHOULD ATTENUATE 90% OF RADIATION AT 75 kVp • Thyroid shields

  28. ROSE AEHLE RT (R,M) Appendix A

  29. WHAT DO RADIOGRAPHER’S DO? WHAT IS OUR SCOPE OF PRACTICE?

  30. CHAPTER 12, EHRLICH • In addition to radiographers being trained in the OR, in trauma radiography and in mobile radiography they can cross train in • SPECIAL IMAGING MODALITIES • CARDIOVASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY • CT • MRI • MAMMOGRAPHY • DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY • NUCLEAR MEDICINE • POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

  31. THE PROFESSION • ACRONYMS YOU NEED TO KNOW • PACS • ASRT • ARRT • ACR • CARE • JCAHO • JRCERT

  32. DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF PATIENT YOU MAY HAVE TO X-RAY • BODY HABITUS • PHYSICAL CONDITION • EMOTIONAL CONDITION • AGE • OTHER FACTORS

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