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Drug Affects on Reproduction

Drug Affects on Reproduction. Kristi Stanton, Kelsey Tangen, Katie Lange. Overview. Introduction Video Affects on Fertilization: Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine Affects on the Fetus: Alcohol , Marijuana, Cocaine Birth Defects: Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine Political Issues Social Issues

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Drug Affects on Reproduction

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  1. Drug Affects on Reproduction Kristi Stanton, Kelsey Tangen, Katie Lange

  2. Overview • Introduction Video • Affects on Fertilization: Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine • Affects on the Fetus: Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine • Birth Defects: Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine • Political Issues • Social Issues • Ethical Issues

  3. Affects on Fertilization- Alcohol • Decreased fertility in both men and women • Harvard study • Women that drink more than 6 units per week are 18% less likely to get pregnant • Men are 14% less likely • Lowers testosterone levels • Lowers sperm quality and quantity • Reduces sex drive • Causes impotence

  4. Affects on Fertilization- Marijuana • Decrease in sex drive • An active ingredient in marijuana (THC) lowers testosterone levels • Decreases sperm counts. • A study conducted at the University at Buffalo shows that the illegal substance may inhibit sperm's ability to fertilize an egg

  5. Affects on Fertilization- Cocaine • Low sperm count, low sperm motility • Cocaine attaches to sperm • May cause developmental problems • Affects women’s menstrual cycles • Fallopian tubes affected

  6. Affects on Fetus- Alcohol • BAC level rises to greater than or equal to mothers BAC • Triggers cell death that causes abnormalities • Disrupt nerve cell development • Interferes with blood flow to the placenta • Toxic byproducts may become concentrated in brain

  7. Affects on the Fetus- Marijuana • Smoking anything can deprive the fetus of oxygen • Resulting in deficits in birth weight, length, and gestational age • Marijuana can be "cut" with other substances. So the fetus may be unintentionally exposed to other potentially harmful substances in addition to marijuana. • Marijuana can also be transmitted through breast milk.  THC (the main active ingredient in marijuana), can be as much as 8 times higher in breast milk than in the mother's bloodstream  • marijuana can cause irritability, poor sleeping patterns, tremors, and vomiting in the baby if in breast milk.

  8. Affects on Fetus- Cocaine • Crosses the placenta- enters fetuses circulation • Remains in fetus longer than in adult’s system • Found 2 to 7 days in newborn after use of drug • Miscarriage- early stages • Placenta separates too early- placenta abruption (fatal) • Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) before or soon after birth- permanent damage, disability

  9. Birth Defects- Alcohol • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorders • Alcohol related birth defects • Physical • Mental

  10. Birth defects- Marijuana • Deficits in birth weight, length, and gestational age • Behavioral problems • Poor growth • Physical abnormalities • Lower IQ • Difficulty with language comprehension and memory • Babies exposed to Marijuana may be slower to reach many milestones

  11. Birth Defects- Cocaine • 8% of all births • Studies vary- most babies exposed do not have birth defects • Risk increases as usage increases • Brain, skull, face, eyes, heart, limbs, intestines, genitals, and urinary tract • Weigh less, be shorter in length, and have smaller heads- smaller brains • Exposure near birth- irritable, jittery, and have interrupted sleep patterns, visual disturbances, and problems with sensory stimulation • May last 8 to 10 weeks after birth

  12. Birth Defects- Cocaine Cont. • May cause serious central nervous system problems- seen when older • Problems with sustained attention and behavioral self-control, like increased aggression. • Delays in learning, abnormal muscle tone, slower growth rate, language difficulties and an increased need for special education- school-age children

  13. Political Issues • No state says that prenatal substance abuse= criminal neglect or abuse • Iowa, Minnesota, and N.D.- health care providers required to test for and report • Alaska, Arizona, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Oklahoma, Utah, Rhode Island and Virginia- required to test, not required to report but can be used in court hearings • Lead to termination of parental rights • Minnesota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin- mandatory impatient treatment • Texas- felony to smoke marijuana while pregnant

  14. Social Issues • Frowned upon by society • Doctors recommend treatment before pregnancy • Most drug abusing women do not seek services, remain in treatment, or stay away from drugs voluntarily • Family members are often angered at issue • Often times grandparents are left with burden of taking care of grandchild and putting own child in treatment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-V07hkeBdqA

  15. Social Issues • Critics of legislation say it is taking women’s rights away over their body • Hurting the pro-choice laws • Drug addicted women say it makes pregnancy easier • Some use right before labor and delivery • Most women who abuse have either been abused or have witnessed abuse

  16. Ethical Issues • Preterm birth- Societal Cost of Preterm birth • Total substance abuse cost (direct and indirect)- $140 billion a year • At least $26.2 billion in 2005 in U.S. • $51,600 per infant born preterm • Special education services $1.1 billion • Length of stay for cocaine- 11 days longer than others • FAS- could cost up to $4 million over course of mother’s life • Total cost to American tax payers is $1.9 billion

  17. Impact of Child’s Environment • Nutrition, familial conditions (substance abuse, child abuse, etc.), socioeconomic status, and issues related to general healthcare • Neglect and poor parenting result of drug addiction • "women who use cocaine during pregnancy were more likely to use other drugs, consume alcohol or smoke, had a lower socioeconomic standard, were more likely to be malnourished" (Askin, 2001). • Drug and alcohol abuse by any member of the family “Empirical studies and clinical experience show that addiction or substance abuse interferes with parenting and contributes to developmental, behavioral, and health problems" (Zuckerman, Frank, & Brown, 1999).

  18. Termination of Parental Rights • The parent no longer has legal or physical rights- no more relationship • Title XX- $2.5 million, federal grants with some state funding • emergency shelter care • protective services for children • services for children in foster care • information, referral, and counseling services • services designed to meet the special needs of children- mentally • alcoholics and drug addicts • child care

  19. Conclusion • Many affects on fertilization • Many affects on the fetus • Many birth defects • Laws are becoming more strict • Affects families • Cost is incredibly high • Home environment with drug addicted parents • Termination of parental rights- cost and services

  20. References • American Pregnancy Association (May 2011). Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy: Cocaine retrieved from http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/illegaldrugs.html. • Baby Hopes (2011). Illegal Drugs and Their affect on Your Fertility retrieved from http://www.babyhopes.com/articles/illegal-drugs-and-their-affect-on-your-fertility.html. • Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes; Behrman RE, Butler AS, editors (2007). Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention: Societal Costs of Preterm Birth. • Jensen, T. K., Hjollund, N. H. & Henriksen, T. B. (1998, Aug 22). Does moderate alcohol consumption affect fertility? British MedicalJournal, 505-510. • Kelley, M. T., (June 1999). The Effect of Federal Child Welfare Legislation on Termination of Parental Rights in Minnesota: Establishing a Baseline retrieved from http://www.cehd.umn.edu/ssw/cascw/attributes/pdf/publications/fed_cw_legislation parentalrights.pdf. • Meade, C. (2012). The Effects of Substance Abuse on the Development of Children: Educational Implications: What's All the Hype? retrieved from http://www.teachnology.com/tutorials/teaching/abuse/.

  21. References Cont. • Organization of Terotology Information Specialists (Novemeber 2011). Cocaine and Pregnancy retreived from http://www.otispregnancy.org/files/cocaine.pdf. • The cost of substance abuse on America's health care system. (1993). (Master's thesis, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University). • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007). Effects of Alcohol on Fetus. DHHS Publication 07-4275. • Walters, B. (2012, March 30). Is alcohol harming your fertility?. Retrieved from http://www.drinkaware.co.uk/alcohol-and-you/health/is-alcohol-harming-your-fertility.

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