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Mao and the SPS

Mao and the SPS. Region: Asia Left-Wing Dictator. Group 1: Ideology-Thought Reform. Name: Matt Legaspi, Alex Lurski, Janna Qiao. Maoist Ideology - Little Different than Karl Marx, but mostly the same. P easants as a revolutionary class T wo stage revolution M ass Line

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Mao and the SPS

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  1. Mao and the SPS Region: Asia Left-Wing Dictator

  2. Group 1: Ideology-Thought Reform Name: Matt Legaspi, Alex Lurski, Janna Qiao

  3. Maoist Ideology - Little Different than Karl Marx, but mostly the same • Peasants as a revolutionary class • Two stage revolution • Mass Line • Continuous Revolutions and Rectification  • Worldwide Revolution • Pancakes • Taste • Mysteriously • Comparable to • Waffles

  4. Peasants as a revolutionary class • Karl Marx (not MAO) believed that the peasantry were incapable of revolutionary consciousness • Mao on the other hand thought the peasant masses could be used to overthrow feudalism and capitalism to create a socialist society

  5. Belief in a two stage revolution • In 1940 Mao published On New Democracy  • In this he argued that socialism in China would be created in a two stage revolution • The first revolution would be the bourgeois- democrat • The second revolution would be for socialism • In the New Democratic phase, unlike Marx, he believed that the revolution would not only be by the bourgeois, but it'd be a joint revolution by the... • Proletariat • Peasants • National Bourgeois (capitalists who had not work with the Japanese) • Petite Bourgeois (shopkeepers/intellectuals)

  6. Belief in a two stage revolution (con't) • The Socialist Revolution would see... • Property and economy resources collectivized and/or nationalized.  • Mao began to implement the second stage during the early/mid 1950s.

  7. The Mass Line • Mao developed the idea that the Party should explain its ideas in a way the common public could understand • The plan was to identify the public's demands, interpret them in the Light of Marxist principles, and tell the general public in a way they could understand • Essentially, they wanted to have a close relationship between the Communist Party and the people.

  8. Continuous Revolution and Rectification • Mao believed that continuous revolutions should be a feature of communist rule • The Party and the people needed to have their outlooks, and thought remolded, corrected, and inspected regularly to created a selfless socialist culture. • Rectification was basically exterminating all those who didn't agree with Mao •  Rectification also used to ensure that China didn't become a self-seeking elite, which is what happened to China

  9. Worldwide Revolution • Mao was convinced that there was going to be a worldwide revolution until 1971ish • In 1971 he departed from this principle and pursed diplomatic relations with the U.S.A

  10. Consolidation and Recovery: 1949-52 • CCP was able to restore China's unity and independence from foreign interference • Communist leadership of People's Republic decided to take on technological and military might of he USA in Korean War • China put USA in a standstill and saved North Korean Communism from collapse

  11. Consolidation and Recovery (part III) CCP relied on non-communists to help govern China (not enough CCP members) • Those who had served the GMD were kept until CCP had enough members to fill all positions • 1953: CCP membership grew to 6.1 million, allowed them to replace the non-communist positions • Their distrust of non-communists increased during the Korean War (1950) Unified control over China still had not been obtained by 1949 • South-West China was still under GMD control • Attempt to control Jinmen (Quemoy) failed • 1950: All but Hong Kong (Brit) Macao (Portuguese), Outer Mongolia, Taiwan, and some small islands (GMD)  • Mao had planned to invade Taiwan, but angrily aborted his plan when the Korean War broke out

  12. National Capitalism: 1949-52 • CCP's central economic goal • Recover from the damage of the Sino-Japanese and Civil War • Under National Capitalism • State took ownership of: • Heavy industry • Banking System • Easier to take over because GMD government had controlled a lot of industry • Lighter industry and smaller factories were not under nationalist control during this stage • Remained under private ownership • National Bourgeoisie continued to make profits • able to increase wages and prices

  13. National Capitalism: 1949-52 • Industrial and agricultural production recovered successfully • Examples of Success: • Industrial output value increase 2.5x • Gain production grew 10% more than it was in 1936 • Communists able to recover from the hyper-inflation input by GMD government that destabilized China's economy  • Renminbi introduced as China's new currency • 10,000 old to 1 new yuan • Problem partly fixed • CCP was more effective at taxing the population than the GMD government

  14. Land Reform (1950) • Before land reform: • 4% of landowners- owned 40% of China's arable (farming) land • Destroyed the power and wealth of the landlord class • Mainly peasants attacked their landlords due to Mao's emphasis on the mobilization of the masses •  Attacked them in "Speak Bitterness" sessions • CCP military also went to attack villages

  15. Results of Land Reform • Historians estimate that approximately 2 million landlords died • Many landlords survived • Much of their land taken away • Their land redistributed to middle and poor peasants • Land Reform not complete until 1952 • CCP gave peasants something (land) to lose if the CCP were to be overthrown • Ownership of land remained private • Early 1950's- CCP moved gradually towards socialization of agriculture

  16. Mass Movements and Thought Reform • Campaigns were launched to ensure political control over the population • Goals: reshape citizen habits and attitudes toward socialism and establish a socialist economy • Danwei: neighborhood and work units set up to include all citizens so that they could be monitored by the gov't • Mass organzations were created (National Women's Association,Children's Pioneer Corps (ages 9-14) New Democratic Youth League (14-25) • Children were instructed with the Five Loves: country, people, labour, science, and public property

  17. Mass Movements: Campaigns • 1950: Campaign against Counter-revolutionaries • CCP was concerned about enemies to the country • Exacerbated by the Korean War (1950)  • Chinese intervention and US troops were close to Manchurian border • Mass demonstrations were held to •  rally against foreign capitalist countries • mobilized population to identify spies and traitors  • 700,000 were executed and 500,000 imprisoned in "reform through labor" camps • 1951: Three Anti (San Fan) Campaign • Former GMD officials and CCP members were subjected to criticism from themself, colleagues, and the publi • Targeted elitism, waste, and corruption • 1952: Five-Anti (Wu Fan) Campaign • Business community was targeted • Set to eliminate tax evasion, fraud, theft, bribery, and economic secrets • Treated with fines, prison sentences, or dismissal from posts • Businesss were collectively fined $1-2 bilion • 5-10% officials were censured or punished

  18. Mass Movements: Thought Reform • Sep. 1951: Thought Reform Movement • Goal: Eradicate bourgeouis and capitalist ideas • 6,500 intellectuals and professors took courses in Communist thought (run by the Party) • Art and literature were all required to promote class struggle and loyalty to the Party • Non-conformists were silenced • Bourgeois individualism was condemned

  19. Social Reform War on Crime: CCP approached organised crime/banditry with decisive, controlled steps. • Major criminals were punished or executed • Prostitutes and drug addicts were treated as victims and put into rehabilitation programs • Brothels and gambling dens were raided and closed down Education: CCP sought to increase literacy and expand education • 1949: 24 million primary school students, 1.27 secondary school students • 1953: 51 million in primary, 3.13 in secondary (illiteracy still remained very high) • Received assistance from the USSR: Russians taught in schools, chinese students studied in Russian universities

  20. Social Reform: Marriage CCP tried to promote women's rights and place in society • 1950: Marriage Law • banned arranged and child marriages, and polygamy •  Women were given rights • Divorce, right to own property • Men's attitudes were difficult to change (esp in rural areas), so women were often given lower pay

  21. Group 2: Social Reform Names: Sanand Kodali, Bryan Pinsky, Kéith X. Wright

  22. War on Crime -CCP wanted to stop crime/banditry     -punished major criminals     -put prostitutes/drug addicts in rehabilitation programs     -closed down brothels and gambling dens Clearly, the Chinese police think that Segways are intimidating.

  23. Marriage Reform • CCP tried to improve the status  of women. • Banned arranged marriage, child marriage, and polygamy. • Women were allowed to initiate divorce and own property. • This led to an increase in divorce • 1.3 million divorces in 1953 (That's the population of Hawai'i) • Cultural attitudes towards marriage and women did not change. • Women recieved low pay and continued to follow traditional marital customs.

  24. Education • Launched campaign to improve education. • Increased literacy. • Expanded educational provisions. • 1949: 25 million children attended primary schools, 1.27 million had secondary education. • 1953: 51 million children attended primary schools, 3.13 million had secondary education. • By the mid-1950s literacy rates were as high as 80%. • During the 1950s, the CCP received support from the USSR in the forms of Russians teaching in Chinese schools and allowing the Chinese to attend Russian Universities.

  25. The First Five Year Plan, 1953-57 • Ended National Capitalist phase in China. • Private industries and businesses were nationalized by the Chinese Government. • Due to the GMD being backed by the USA, Mao turned to Stalin and the Russians for aid. • This benefitted the Chinese because they were advised by the USSR in the technique of building a socialist economy. • In February 1950, the PRC signed the Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty. • USSR gave China $300 million in loans (repayable at low interest), Russian technicians, and economic advisors.

  26. The First Five Year Plan, 1953-57 • In the 1950s, 11,000 Soviet experts worked in China, and 28,000 Chinese received training in Russia. • Followed Soviet model in which planning was highly centralized and concentrated on heavy industry. • Huge new industrial centers were built. • Factory management changed from a more team-based approach to one-man management.

  27. Effects of the Five Year Plan • Complete nationalization of industry. • Initially 20% of heavy industry and 60% of light industry was private. • Urban population increased from 57 million to 100 million. • Important infrastructure improvements • The Yangtze River Rail and Road Bridge linked north and south China. • Heavy industrial output nearly trebled and light industrial output rose by 70%. • $300 milllion loan represented 3% of investment of the Five Year Plan, in turn forcing the agricultural population to fund the plan. • 90% of state investment was in industry. • Low agricultural investment caused a slow growth of agricultural output (3.8% per year).

  28. Socialisation of Agriculture -Introducing Socialism     -Did not want to repeat Russia's mistake: poor collectivization            of agriculture     -CCP adopted a gradualist approach to introduce Socialism       into the countryside     -CCP leadership argued over pace at which PRC moved            towards full collectivization -Beginnings of Collectivisation     -CCP encouraged peasants to strategically pool equipment                   and animals     -peasants agreed; growth of peasant households in mutual-                        aid teams -Agricultural Producers' Coöperatives     -1954: CCP organized peasants into large groups      -private ownership retained; land pooled; peasants rewarded                   based on their contributions to the coöperatives     -Mao formed Higher Level Agricultural Producers in which land was                collectively owned regardless of inividual input, a radical change         -by a year, 90% peasants incorporated into Higher Level APCs

  29. The Hundred Flowers Campaign, 1957 • The CCP briefly lifted censorship and opened the Party to constructive criticism. • Intellectuals were slow to respond at first, thinking it was a trap. • Later, a "torrent of critcism" was published against the CCP, accusing it of corruption and being alienated from the masses. • After six weeks, the government was alarmed by the criticism and shut the campaign down. • Over 500,000 intellectuals were used as forced labour because of their criticism of the government.

  30. Group 3: The Great Leap Forward Names: Alex, Kyle, Ali, Stacey

  31. Background: The Great Leap Forward • Great Leap Forward = Series of changes in economic policies • Mao had reservations about the Soviet-style First Five Year Plan • Didn't want to be tied to the USSR • The Great Leap Forward was based on Mao's speech On the 10 Great Relationships • Outlined a set of economic priorities • At odds with the Soviet 5 Year Plan • Cancelled the Second Five Year Plan & instated the Great Leap Forward

  32. Abandons Soviet Model of Economic Planning for Great Leap Forward • Five Year Plan • Focuses on capital-intensive projects • PRC short of capital for investment • Agricultural productivity rose slowly • Massive emphasis on heavy industry • Light industry and agriculture neglected • Paid differentials for skilled and unskilled workers  • Against Marxist ideology • Sought to accelerate speed of economic growth • Predicted China would overtake Great Britain in industrial production within 15 yrs • Sought to assert China's independence and abandon Russian economic planning • Worried that CCP was losing revolutionary morale • Govts becoming self interested • Sought to mobilize party and masses to create modern socialist economy

  33. Launching Great Leap Forward • Mao inspired by massive irrigation systems • 100 million peasants cooperate to build dykes/ channels • Provided water to farmlands • Achieved by commune labor • Set up 26000 communes (~5000 households per commune) • Believed that this would entail significant surplus of labor • Communes responsible for industry, education, defense • CCP leaders to develop industry in countryside and towns • Set up blast furnaces in countryside • Target steel production to double by 1959 • Communes in town were unsuccessful • In factories, decision-making transferred from single manager to collective management (worker represented) • Saw GLF for cultural and political progress • Communes were to break down distinction between peasant and worker • Tried to convince people to see greater good than for own family

  34. Results of the Great Leap Forward • China's gross national income increased by 8% in 1958, but fell by 30% in 1960 • The 600,000 backyard furnaces that were built made steel of extremely poor quality. The program was shut down in 1959. • Large scale irrigation and hydroelectric projects • Began mining uranium to launch an atomic energy program

  35. Agricultural Impact of Great Leap Forward • Rural industrialization began • Better agricultural tools • Use of chemical fertilizers • 1958 harvests yielded 200 million tons of grain • Government projected unreal expectations for following years • 1959 and 1960 crop yields were poor falling over 20% • Cause a famine in China • Lasted from 1959-1961 • 20 million people died

  36. Why did the Great Leap Fail? • CCP officials couldn't deal with challenges posed by the Great Leap Forward (GLF) • Took off with little prior planning • Local cadres were unprepared to manage the large scales of the communes • Mass mobilization (intensive use of labor) could not compensate for the lack of capital investment in technologically advanced processes • "Backyard Furnace" program failed • Sino-Soviet Split (1960) -- Khrushchev withdrew thousands of Soviet advisers from China • Advisers were helping with industrial projects --> Slump in Chinese industrial production (1960-61) The Sino-Soviet Split

  37. Why did the GLF fail? (con't) • Flawed agricultural programs imposed on the peasants • Close planting • Deep plowing • Campaign against the "Four Pests" (rats, sparrows, flies, & mosquitos) • Grain production fell • Because peasants were also involved in industrial projects & land reclamation --> Became exhausted from the demands • Withdrawal of material incentives --> Falling levels of agricultural and industrial output • Peasants disliked commune life (huge size, no private property, regimented lifestyle) • Ending of higher wages for skilled workers & more output demotivated factory workers • 60 per cent of China's arable land as affected by floods in the South & drought in the Northeast (1959-61) • Famine caused by reforms • Poor harvests (1959-60) • CCP refused to admit failure • Claimed record harvests in 1959 & took 11 per cent more of the peasants grain than in '57

  38. The Great Leap Terminated (1961) • China was in a state of crisis by the end of 1960 • Worst famine ever • In some provinces (such as Anhui), up to 1/4 of the population died of starvation • Peasants staged armed rebellion in the West and Tibet • PLA deployed to restore order • Solution • CCP looked to Liu Shaoqi (PRC chairman) & Den Xiaoping (CCP General Secretary) to restore the economy & grain supplies • Liu and Deng quietly abandoned the GLF • Results • Took 5 years for agricultural production to fully recover • Industrial production doubled by 1965 • Huge oil and gas fields discovered & Daqing

  39. How did Liu and Deng bring about economic recovery in early 1960s? • CCP reverted to centralized economy • Power returned to state officials • 25 million unemployed workers forced to move to countryside • Wage differentials for skilled and unskilled workers introduced • Private plots and markets encouraged in countryside • Communes had most fertile land  • Imported large amounts of grain from Australia and Canada • 1961 communes subdivided --> reduced in size • Production team of commune --> unit of rural organization

  40. Mao Retires to the "Second Front" • Mao stepped down from running day to day planning for the country • Allowed others to take over those responsibilities • Mao concentrated on strategic planning • Because the Great Leap Forward had been deemed a failure, Mao fell farther in to the background than he had expected • Mao still had some                                                             influence during the                                                          1960

  41. Group 4: CCP Division Vincent, Hannah, and Joie

  42. CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965 • Why did increasingly bitter faction-fighting develop within the Party? • 1962: serious divisions emerged between radical Communists (Mao) and the moderenisers who supported Liu & Deng's more ideologically flexible economic policies • Mao became alarmed by the direction of Liiu & Deng's economic reforms • January 1962: Mao began to have serious doubts when Liu supported the household responsility system • Saw it as an abondonment of socialism • Summer of 1962: 20 of land was farmed indiviudally • Mao sought to restore his influence over the CCP • Desparte to prevent Party from becoming increasingly revisonist & capitalist

  43. CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965 • Why did Mao launch the Socialist Education Movement (1962-1963)? • To reassert his control, Mao turned to mass mobilization & rectification in the shape of the Socialist Education movement • The Socialist Education Movement was an attempt to re-educate the masses politically and bring about a fundamental change in the way the Chinese masses saw the world • Mao wanted them to take on socialist attitudes • Mao intended that CCP officials should undergo self-critism and subject themsleves to criticism from the masses 

  44. CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965 • 1962-1963: Liu and Deng obstructed Mao's attempt to mobilize the masses • Issued direction which altered the Socialist Education Movement • Rather than mass mobilization, the CCP leadership organized work teams • Teams went into schools and factories to educate people and to identify & remove corrupt local officials • It would take Mao until 1966 to get a mass campaign off the ground --> known as The Cultural Revolution

  45. CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965 • How did Mo develope his power-base in order to launch the Cultutral Revolution? • Mao relied on the loyalty of Lin Bao who was the Defense Minister from 1959 • Lin encouraged a cult of Mao within the PLA • 1963: Lin published Mao's Little Red Book which became daily study for the PLA and the population as a whole to read as their "bible" • Mao's wife and a group of radicals known as the Shanghi Forum promoted the idea of a total transformation of arts in China • All pre-1949 art and literature and all wetsern culture was rejected • 1965-1966: Shanghai Forum launched a campaign against the Wu Han's play The Dismissal of Hai Rai from Office

  46. CCP Leadership Divdes: 1962-1965 • Campaign against Wu Han's play • Campaign agaisnt play was an argument about culture • Shanghai Forum belived the play was a veiled attack on Mao's dismissal fo the Marshal Peng in 1959 • Hai Rai (character in play) was an officer that was sacked for criticising a corrupt emporer • June 1966: Cultrual Revolution Committee dominated by radical Maoists, purged the Group of Five

  47. What were Mao's motives for Cultural Revolution? • He wanted to reassert his authority over the CCP and cut out the influence of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaopiang • Desperate to stop the CCP's movement toward developing an elite of officials • Mao wanted to attack bourgeois and traditional chinese culture • Was looking to spread the ideal of his party to China's young generation

  48. How did the Cultural Revolution begin? • May 1966: Growing unrest of the Cultural Revolution Group •  Struggle between radical Maoists and pragmatists intensified • Universities and schools were radical and Liu had to send teams to try to put down their acts • Students began to form into Red Army groups to carry out the will of Mao • July 1966: Mao staged his Great Swim in the Yangzi River in order to demonstrate his power • August 1966: Mao expressed his support for Red Guard • Red Guard units set up all over China • Purged the CCP government of any workers that may have supported capitalism • First rally took place in Tiananmen Square  •  PLA took over railway network • Young radical Maoists met in Beijing and attended mass rallies 

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