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Complex Lipids

Complex Lipids. By Wes² and Bailey. Structures. Triglycerides are significant components of fat storage cells. Complex lipids are important because they constitute the main components of membranes. Classified in 2 groups.

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Complex Lipids

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  1. Complex Lipids By Wes² and Bailey

  2. Structures • Triglycerides are significant components of fat storage cells. • Complex lipids are important because they constitute the main components of membranes.

  3. Classified in 2 groups • Phospholipids – contain an alcohol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group. • Two types • Glycerophospholipids- alcohol is a glycerol. • Sphengolipids – alcohol is sphingosine.

  4. Cont’d • Glycolipids – complex lipids that contain carbohydrates.

  5. Roles • Complex lipids form the membranes around body cells and around small structures inside the cells. • These are called Organelles. • Unsaturated fatty acids are important components of these lipids. • Most lipids contain at least one unsaturated fatty acids.

  6. Cell membranes • Cell membranes separate cells from the environment and provide transport for nutrients and waste products into and out of cells. • These membranes are called – Lipid Bilayers.

  7. Lipid Bilayers • The arrangement of lipid bilayers leaves the hydrophilic heads projecting to the inner and outer surfaces of the membranes. • The unsaturated fatty acids prevent the tight packing of the hydrophobic chains in the lipid bilayer, providing a liquid-like character to the membranes. • Effect is similar to the one that causes unsaturated fatty acids to have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids.

  8. Lipids cont’d • The lipid part of the membrane serves as a barrier against any movement of ions or polar compounds into and out of the cells.

  9. Mosaic Model • A mosaic model of membranes allows the passage of nonpolar compounds by diffusion.

  10. What are Glycerophospholipids? • Very similar to fats • Membrane components of cells throughout the body • The alcohol is glycerol • If the alcohol is chlorine, a quaternary ammonium compound, the glycerophospholipids are called phosphatidyl – cholines • Common name is – Lecithin

  11. Lecithin • The typical lecithin molecule has stearic acid on one end and linoleic acid in the middle. • Lecithin is a major component in egg yolk • Includes both polar and nonpolar portions within one molecule. • Excellent emulsifier • Used in mayonnaise as well. • Lecithin is a negatively charged phosphate group and a positively charged nitrogen from the choline. • Lecithin is only one example of glycerophospholipids.

  12. Cephalins • Similar to lecithins in every way except that, instead of choline, they contain alcohols, such as ethanolamine, or serine.

  13. Phosphatidylinositols (PI) • Another important group is phosphatidylinositols or (PI). • Alcohol inositol is bonded to the rest of the molecule by a phosphate ester bond.

  14. What are Sphingolipids? • Myelin → Coating of the nerve axons, contains a different kinds of complex lipid. • Sphingolipids → alcohol portion is sphingosine. • Not randomly distributed in membranes.

  15. Ceramide • The combination of a fatty acid and sphingosine is called the ceramide portion of the molecule, because many of these compounds are also found in cerebrosides. • The ceramide part of complex lipids may contain different fatty acids.

  16. Sphingomyelin • Sphingomyelin → most important lipids in the myelin sheaths of nerve cells and are associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

  17. What are glycolipids? • Complex lipids that contain carbohydrates and ceramides.

  18. Types of Glycolipids • Cerebrosides – consists of ceramide, and mono or oligosaccharides. • In cerebrosides the fatty acid of the ceramide part may contain either 18 carbon or 24 carbon chains. • Gangliosides – Contain a more complex carbohydrate structure. • The latter form is only found in these complex lipids*

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