T EACHING E NGLISH AS A F OREIGHN L ANGUAGE (TEFL)

1. TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGHN LANGUAGE(TEFL) Applied Linguistics Master’s Program Instructor: Dr. Sadek FIrwana 1st Semester 2015-2016

2. What is applied linguistics? Applied linguistics is an area of work that deals with language use in professional settings, translation, speech pathology, literacy, and language education. It is not merely the application of linguistic knowledge to such settings but is a semiautonomous and interdisciplinary domain of work that draws on but is not dependent on areas such as sociology, education, anthropology, cultural studies, and psychology.“

3. Approaches, methods, procedures, and techniques • Approach refers to theories about the nature of language and language learning that serve as the source of practices and principles in language teaching. .

4. Approaches, methods, procedures, and techniques • Approach refers to the beliefs and theories about language, language learning and teaching that underlie a method.

5. Approaches, methods, procedures, and techniques • An approach describes how people acquire their knowledge of the language and makes statements about conditions which will promote successful language learning.

6. Approaches, methods, procedures, and techniques • Method:a method is the practical realization of an approach. • Method is “an umbrella term for the specification and interrelation of theory and practice” • Methods include various procedures and techniques as part of their standard fare.

7. Approaches, methods, procedures, and techniques • Procedure:a procedure is an ordered sequence of techniques. A procedure is a sequence which can be described in terms such as first you do this, then you do that… • A procedure is smaller than a method and bigger than technique.

8. Technique: Specific activities manifested in the classroom that are consistent with a method and therefore in harmony with an approach

9. A common technique when using video material is called “silent viewing”. This is where the teacher plays the video with no sound. Silent viewing is a single activity rather than a sequence, and as such is a technique rather than a whole procedure.

10. Approach A set of assumptions dealing with the nature of language, learning, and teaching Method An overall plan for systematic presentation of language based upon a selected approach Procedure An ordered sequence of techniques. It is smaller than a method and bigger than a technique. Technique Specific activities manifested in the classroom that are consistent with a method and therefore in harmony with an approach

11. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) GTM was originally used to teach Latin and Greek. It was used by language teachers to help students read and appreciate foreign language literature.

12. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) It was believed that students would have a complete command of the grammar of the native language through the study of the grammar of the target language. Thus, this would help them speak and write better in their native language .

13. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) Finally, it was thought that a) learning a foreign language would help students grow intellectually, and b) the mental exercise of learning would be beneficial although they would probably never use the target language.

14. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) GTM was later highly criticized for conceiving grammar as an end, not as a means. The biggest weakness was that the aesthetics of the language was generally ignored due to its negligence of the functional aspects of the language.

15. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) Key Principles: 1) Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with little active use of the target language. 2) Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isolated words. 3) Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 4) Grammar provides the rules for putting words together, and instruction often focuses on the form and inflection of words.

16. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) 5) Reading the difficult classical texts is begun early. 6) Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercises in grammatical analysis. 7) Often the only drills are the exercises in translating disconnected sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. 8) Little or no attention is given to pronunciation.

17. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) Key Techniques: 1) Translation of a Literary Passage (Translating from target language to native language) 2) Reading Comprehension Questions (Finding information in a passage, making inferences and relating to personal experience) 3) Antonyms/Synonyms (Finding antonyms and synonyms for words or sets of words).

18. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) 4) Cognates (Learning spelling/sound patterns that correspond between L1 and the target language) 5) Deductive Application of Rule (Understanding grammar rules and their exceptions, then applying them to new examples) 6) Fill-in-the-blanks (Filling in gaps in sentences with new words or items of a particular grammar type).

19. The Grammar- Translation Method (GTM) 7) Memorization (Memorizing vocabulary lists, grammatical rules and grammatical paradigms) 8) Use of Words in Sentences (Students create sentences to illustrate that they know the meaning and the use of new words) 9) Composition (Students write about a topic using the target language)

20. The Direct Method (DM) This method came into use when teachers thought that learning how to use a foreign language for the purpose of communication was the goal of instruction. DM became very popular when the GTM was not found effective in preparing students to use the target language communicatively the way we learn our target language.

21. The Direct Method (DM) Contrary to GTM, no translation is allowed in the classroom. Through the use of visual aids and demonstrations meaning is conveyed in the target language without using the native language.

22. The Direct Method (DM) Key Principles: 1) Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the target language. 2) Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught. 3) Oral communication skills are built up in a careful progression organized around questions-and-answer exchanging between teachers and students in small intensive classes. 4) Grammar is taught inductively.

23. The Direct Method (DM) 5) New teaching points are taught through modeling and practice 6) Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, pictures; abstract vocabulary is taught through association of ideas. 7) Both speech and listening comprehension are taught. 8) Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized.

24. The Direct Method (DM) Key techniques: 1) Lessons begin with a dialogue using a modern conversational style in the target language. 2) Material is first presented orally with actions or pictures. 3) The mother tongue is never used. There is no translation. 4) The preferred type of exercise is a series of questions in the target language based on the dialogue or an anecdotal narrative.

25. The Direct Method (DM) 5) Questions are answered in the target language. 6) Grammar is taught inductively—rules are generalized from the practice and experience with the target language. 7) Verbs are used first and systematically conjugated much later after some oral mastery of the target language.

26. The Direct Method (DM) 8) Advanced students read literature for comprehension and pleasure. 9) Literary texts are not analyzed grammatically. 10) The culture associated with the target language is also taught inductively.

27. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) The Audio-Lingual Method is basically an oral-based approach like DM. However, it differs from DM in many respects. First, while DM emphasizes vocabulary acquisition through exposure to its use in situations, ALM drills students in the use of grammatical sentence patterns.

28. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) Secondly, ALM has a strong theoretical base in linguistics and psychology. Most of the principles of behavioral psychology were incorporated into this method.

29. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) It is for this reason that the sentence patterns of the target language are thought to be acquired through conditions which mean to respond correctly to stimuli through shaping and reinforcement. Learners overcome the habits of their native language and form new habits in order to be target language speakers.

30. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) Key Principles: 1) This method is based on the principles of behavior psychology. 2) It adapted many of the principles and procedures of the Direct Method, in part as a reaction to the lack of speaking skills of the Reading Approach. 3) New material is presented in the form of a dialogue. 4) Based on the principle that language learning is habit formation, the method fosters dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases and over-learning.

31. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) 5) Structures are sequenced and taught one at a time. Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills. 6) Little or no grammatical explanations are provided; grammar is taught inductively. 7) Skills are sequenced: Listening, speaking, reading and writing are developed in order. 8) Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context. 9) Teaching points are determined by contrastive analysis between L1 and L2.

32. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) Key Techniques: 1) Make sure that all of the utterances which students will make are actually within the practiced pattern. For example, the use of the AUX verb “have” should not suddenly switch to have’ as a main verb. 2) Conduct the drills as rapidly as possible so as to insure automaticity and to establish a system. 3) Ignore all but gross errors of pronunciation when drilling for grammar practice.

33. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) 4) Use the shortcuts to keep the pace of drills at a maximum. Use hand motions, signal cards, notes, etc. to cue response. You are a choir director. 5) Use normal English stress, intonation, and juncture patterns conscientiously. 6) Make sure that the drill material should always be meaningful. If the content words are not known, teach their meanings. 7) Intersperse short periods of drill (about 10 minutes) with very brief alternative activities to avoid fatigue and boredom.

34. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) 8) Introduce the drill in this way: a. Focus (by writing on the board, for example) b. Exemplify (by speaking model sentences) c. Explain (if a simple grammatical explanation is needed) d. Drill 9) Don’t stand in one place; move about the room standing next to as many different students as possible to spot check their production. Thus you will know who to give more practice to during individual drilling.

35. The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) 10) Use the “backward buildup” technique for long and/or difficult patterns. — tomorrow — in the cafeteria tomorrow — will be eating in the cafeteria tomorrow — Those boys will be eating in the cafeteria tomorrow. 11) Arrange to present drills in the order of increasing complexity of student response. The question is: How much internal organization or decision making must the student do in order to make a response in this drill. Thus: imitation first, single-slot substitution next, then free response last.

36. Presentation, Practice, and Production • A variation on ALM in British-based teaching and elsewhere is the procedure most often referred to as PPP, which stands for Presentation, Practice, and Production.

37. Presentation, Practice, and Production • In PPP the teacher introduces a situation which contextualises the language to be taught. The students now practice the language using accurate reproduction techniques such as choral repetition, individual repetition, and cue-response drills

38. PPP and alternatives to PPP • The PPP procedure came under a sustained attack in the 1990s. • Michael Lewis suggested that PPP was inadequate because it reflected neither the nature of language nor the nature of learning.

39. PPP and alternatives to PPP • Jim Scrivener advanced what is perhaps the most worrying aspect of PPP, the fact that it only describes one kind of lesson; it is inadequate as a general proposal concerning approaches to language in the classroom. • In response to these criticisms many people have offered variations on PPP and alternatives to it: ARC, OHE/III, ESA.

40. ARC • put forward by Jim Scrivener • stands for Authentic use, Restricted use and Clarification and focus • Communicative activity will demonstrate authentic use; elicited dialogue or guided writing will provoke restricted use of language by students; finally clarification language is that which the teacher and students use to explain grammar, give examples, analyse errors, elicit or repeat things.

41. OHE/III • Michael Lewis claims that students should be allowed to Observe (read or listen to language) which will then provoke them to Hypothesise about how the language works before going on to the Experiment on the basis of that hypothesis.

42. ESA • In the ESA model three components will usually be present in any teaching sequence, whether of five, fifty or a hundred minutes • E stands for Engage - students have to be engaged emotionally • S stands for Study • A stands for Activate - any stage at which students are encouraged to use all and/or any of the language they know

43. The Silent Way (SW) One problem with ALM that students had difficulty in transferring the habits they had mastered in the classroom to communicative use outside it challenged the idea that learning a language meant forming a set of habits. Linguist Chomsky proposed that speakers have a knowledge of underlying abstract rules, by which they understand and create novel utterances.

44. The Silent Way (SW) Thus, language learning is no longer considered a product of habit formation, but rather of rule formation. Accordingly, acquiring a language is a procedure whereby people use their own thinking process, or cognition, to discover the rules of the language they are learning.

45. The Silent Way (SW) Cognitive Approach appeared as a result of this emphasis on human cognition. In this approach, learners were more actively responsible for their own learning and hypothesizing the formulas in order to discover the rules of the target language. Errors were inevitable and they were signs that learners were actively testing their hypotheses.

46. The Silent Way (SW) SW developed by Caleb Gattegno shares certain principles of the Cognitive Approach. Gattegno believed that learning a language is a process just as babies and young children learn a language. In this process we mobilize our inner resources such as our perception, awareness, cognition, imagination, intuition, creativity, etc. While we learn a language, we integrate anything “new” into ourselves, and use it for further learning.

47. The Silent Way (SW) Key Principles: This method begins by using a set of colored wooden rods and verbal commands in order to achieve the following: 1) To avoid the use of the vernacular=mother tongue. 2) To create simple linguistic situations that remain under the complete control of the teacher. 3) To pass on to the learners the responsibility for the utterances of the descriptions of the objects shown or the actions performed. 4) To let the teacher concentrate on what the students say and how they are saying it, drawing their attention to the differences in pronunciation and the flow of words.

48. The Silent Way (SW) Key Techniques: 1. Sound-Color Chart (The teacher refers students to a color-coded wall chart depicting individual sounds in the target language - students use this to point out and build words with correct pronunciation) 2. Teacher’s Silence (Teacher is generally silent, only giving help when it is absolutely necessary) 3. Peer Correction (Students are encouraged to help each other in a cooperative and not competitive spirit)

49. The Silent Way (SW) 4. Rods (Rods are used to trigger meaning, and to introduce or actively practice language. They can symbolize whatever words are being taught and be manipulated directly or abstractly to create sentences) 5. Self-correction Gestures (Teacher uses hands to indicate that something is incorrect or needs changing – e.g. using fingers as words then touching the finger/word that is in need of correction) 6. Word Chart (Words are depicted on charts, the sounds in each word corresponding in color to the Sound-Color)

50. The Silent Way (SW) 7. Fidel Chart (A chart that is color-coded according to the sound-color chart but includes the various English spellings so that they can be directly related to actual sounds) 8. Structured Feedback (Students are invited to make observations about the day’s lesson and what they have learned)