Colonialism

1. Colonialism The division of the world before WW2

2. General concepts • In the 19th century countries wanted to expand due to: • Too much population in Europe • They had enough money • In addition to their money they carried their ideas: • Religion • Politics • Way of life • It is the result of industrial revolution in Europe • They aimed at controlling the biggest part of the world

3. General concepts • Imperialism is the theoric concept: • Colonialism is to put that ideas into practice • Imperialism is the way in which some countries conquer, dominate and explode others • This European pre-eminence lasted 70-80 years • The reason for imperialism is the need of export capitals and products

4. General concepts • Lenin said that the imperialism was the capitalism • The presence of European countries in the rest of the world is a key factor of contemporary history • In the imperialism there should be considered the countries that had empires before the 19th century • The Spanish Empire was not capitalist

5. General concepts • The imperialism is a determ moment: • Between 1870 and 1914 • From 1870 developed countries started their fight to dominate the world (except in America) • The following years are of permanence in the controlled areas • Colonial countries were: • Britain and France the main • Belgium, Netherlands and Portugal

6. Colonization factors. Demografic • Europe is over populated: • 1914: 450 million inhabitants • 1914-1918: 50 millions went to the colonies • There were important migrations between 1870 and 1914

7. Colonization factors. Economic • Developed countries are in difficulty: • 1873 economic crisis • Protectionism: search for new markets • Control of foreign territories • Scarce raw materials • They look for mines • They create plantations • Loans of money to poorer countries, e.g. European loans to Japan

8. Colonization factors. Politic • In some cases is due to prestige or need • Strategical worries key regions: • Some territories are not rich • They are needed for control • Sometimes the colons find themselves in danger they ask their governments to occupy some regions for security

9. Colonization factors. Ideologic • Humanitarian reasons: • Civilization • Improve living conditions • Religious purposes • Restore old empires  Italy • Pressure groups: • In all the countries • Ideological control • Geographic societies wanted to discover regions • Some countries used their prisoners  Belgium

10. Colonization factors. Ideologic • Colonial associations • They were in favour of colonialism • Filantropic societies • An important one is the anti-slavery • Slavery continued being practised • People against colonization: • Nacionalist movements in the colonies • Old nations as China • Socialists

11. Colonial administration • Indirect • British left certain political freedom, but not economic • The administration was directec by Navigation companies • They established companies in a territory and they conquered it when needed • In a time the companies were not able of controlling the opposition against them

12. Colonial administration • Direct colonization: • Colonies • They did not have an indigenous government • The metropolis imposeed the government • People depended directly from the metropolis • It is the result of the right to occupation • Protectorates • The indigenous government existed • Europeans created a paralel government • Indigenous government did not take part in international matters

13. Colonial administration • Direct colonization: • Metropolitan territories • They were treated as the rest of the provinces of the metropolis • French called them departaments of outre mer • Mandates • They did not exist before the end of WW1, when old German colonies were given to other countries • Countries in charge were responsible of their gestion

14. Economic activity • Firstly, the commerce was triangular: Britain Africa US • After that they were divided into: • Population colonies • A majority of the population is European • Europeans established there • Exploitation colonies • Exploitation of resources • Fast benefits • Europeans are a minority and they are not there forever

15. Social structure • Traditional dominant groups • They controlled the territory when Europeans arrived • Good relation with colons and control over the country • Buyers’ bourgeoisie • They became rich for they relation with the colons • National bourgeoisie • They studied in the metropoly and took part in the army or business • Peasants • Poor, exploited separated and without class-conciousness • Proletariat • Minoritatian due to the lack of industries

16. Colonial Empires

17. Colonial Empires • Before 19th century there were Oceanic Empires • After that there were continental • Old empires: Spain, Portugal, Britain, Deutchland • Big empires: Britain, France • New empires: Germany, Belgium, Italy • Traditional Russian empire • Recent empires: USA, Japan

18. Asian Colonization • In 17th century Europeans were sent • In 19th century Britain and France began the contacts to open that area • Transformations: • Cultural • Economic • Politic: European ideologies: liberalism, socialism • Way of production • Social • Technic • Transports

19. Asian Colonization • Periods: • Before 19th century: some contacts, e.g. Portuguese • Beginning 19th century-80s • Big changes: expansion to the interior • Countries forced to open to the Europeans, non-efficient rebellions • Dependency situation • 80s – WW1 • Increase of expansion • New potencies and rivalries • Japanese expansion

20. Asian Colonization

21. Indian Colonization • British took control of the area expelling French • Eastern Indies Company in control • 1857: rebellion in Dehli: cipayes(Indian soldiers) because of religion: army was needed Controlled in 1861 • British government controlled it with two institutions: viceroy in Calcuta and Secretary in London • It was made into Empire with Queen Victoria

22. Colonization of Central Asia • Russia expanded to Central Asia (Samarcanda) • They were very closed to the British • Afganisthan is in the middle and was made into a buffer state • Russians expanded towards the East, Amur River in China • Chinese were forced to give them the Maritime Province (Amur-Korea area) • They founded Vladivostok, afterwards called Port Arthur

23. Colonization of the Far East • French colonization of Indochine started in the 80s • At the beginning a protectorate was established • It was occupied in 1888 • The inhabitants were forced to sign the Treaty of Hue: Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos made the Indochinesse union from 1896 • Only Siam (nowadays Thailand) was free • British incorporated Birmania to India to control French expansion • The Deutch occupied Insulindia (nowadays Indonesia

24. Colonization of China • Britain entered with its ships full of opium but Chinesse denied so the Opium War began 1839 to force Chinese to buy the opium: British won • Nanking Treaty: Chinesse would open some ports and leave the Hong-Kong territory • Other countries took part (Japon in Korea and Port Arthur), Europeans established in Pekin and some revolts began • Boxer rebellion 1900: anti-occidental: Europeans sent a united army. • China ended as an empire in 1911

25. Colonization of Oceania • Spain lost Phillipines in 1898 • Countries taking land were: • Germany • The USA • Japan • Britain • France

26. African Colonization • Until 19th century Africa was known only because of the slaves • When slavery was reduced British started a relation of exchanges • French imitated it in some areas • Until 1871 this is not important but • in 1914 almost all the continent was ocupied

27. African Colonization

28. Colonization system in Africa • Colonization of the coasts • Some countries were established on the coasts • They aimed at linking coast to coast • French from Dakar to Djibouti • British from Cairo to Cape Town • Portuguese from Angola to Mozambique. • Slow occupation • At the beginning they did not want to occupy big territories • They thought about putting some factories in strategic regions

29. Colonization system in Africa • Occupation of rivers’ valleys • They thought that this gave them the right to occupy the whole river basin • British in the Niger • Portuguese • French • Belgians in the Congo • Three essential rivers: • Nilo • Niger • Congo • Key area to occupy Africa: Egypt • Nilo’s valley was centre of disputes • Questions on the occupation right solved at Berlin Congress

30. African colonization • Mediterranean area • France occupies Argelia, Tunez (protectorate first) • British are interested in Egypt where they bought the stock options of Suez Channel to control it • Agreement between France and Britain: France renounced to Egypt and the British to Argelia and Tunez • 1882 Revolt in Egypt: European killed • Britain occupied Egypt and conquered Sudan not to be attacked • Germany and Italy wanted land in the area and Italy occupied Lybia en the 20th century

31. African colonization • Western area • Three rivers: Congo, Senegal and Niger • Explorers sent to the area and problems to control the territories because all Europeans want to have their right there • Berlin Conference 1885 to solve the problems • Germany did not have colonies so they took any free territory: Togo, Cameroon, Tanganika, South-Western Africa • Bismarck in favore of French colonial policy to make the French forget Alsace and Lorraine

32. African colonization • Berlin Congress (1885): • Need of informing the other countries about any kind of agreement • Give notice would be understood as taking possession • Congo is limited: Belgian Congo and Brazzaville Congo • Free navigation in the two big rivers: Niger and Congo • Slavery is abolished • Special protection for misioners • Territory would not be for the one exploring it but for that who occupied it • A race to occupy territories began

33. African colonization • Eastern coast • British wanted free way to India: they occupied Zanzibar in the Indic • Germans took Tanganika and went to the North trough Uganda • British worried took Kenya and reach an agreement with Germany: Britain would control all the region from Kenya to the North • Italians established in Eritrea and Abyssinia and then they conquered Somaliland • British did not allow Italian expansion

34. Consequences of colonialism • Politics • 1891 crisis • Portugueses wanted to link Angola and Mozambique • British were in the middle and they founded Rhodesia • 1989 crisis • French and British met in Sudan. British were stronger so France left the region • Deutch Boers arrived to South Africa in 17th century when rich mines were discovered British wanted to control the region Boer war, with British victory

35. Consequences of colonialism • Economic • Infrastructures: • Ports • Motorways • Railways • Cultivations monocultives serious consequences when the Europeans left • Introduction of a monetary system

36. Consequences of colonialism • Demographic • In general, high natality rate • Mortality was reduced: • Europeans brought medicines • Some illnesses were new in the area • Big cities were created: • Some only for Europeans • Others with separate neighbourhoods

37. Consequences of colonialism • Intelectuals • Missionaires were in charge of education and health services • Until WW1 missionaires controlled education • After WW1 the official education system of the metropolis was imposed • Countries lost their: • Language • Culture • Roots

38. Consequences of colonialism • Colonialism had negative and possitive aspects: • Negative • Old civilizations were destroyed • Industrialisation was not introduced • In some areas there was racial segregation • Positive • Expansion of medicine • Selling of raw materials