Southern Africa

1. Southern Africa Preview Section 1:Natural Environments Section 2:History and Culture Section 3:The Region Today Chapter Wrap-Up

2. Section 1: Natural Environments Read to Discover • What are the main landforms and rivers of southern Africa? • What climates, biomes, and natural resources are found in the region?

3. Section 1: Natural Environments Landforms and Rivers • Narrow coastal plain • High plateau covers most of the region • Escarpment—Separates plain from plateau; includes Drakensberg range • Orange River—Flows west to Atlantic; hydroelectricity, irrigation • Limpopo (Crocodile) River—To Indian Ocean • Zambezi River—Victoria Falls

4. Section 1: Natural Environments • Tropical wet and dry and semiarid climates; Mediterranean at Cape Town • Madagascar—Tropical rainforest biome, with many species • Desert biomes—Namib (beetles, lizards, snakes), Kalahari (many animals, including antelope, elephants) • Okavango Swamps—Rich in plants and animals • Grassland (veld) of South Africa—East of the Kalahari Climates and Biomes

5. Section 1: Natural Environments Question What resources can be found in southern Africa?

6. Copper and iron in Zambia Petroleum in Angola Diamonds in South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia Coal in South Africa & Zimbabwe Gold and platinum in South Africa Section 1: Natural Environments Resources of Southern Africa

7. Section 2: History and Culture Read to Discover • What are some important events in the history of southern Africa? • What are the region’s cultures like?

8. Section 2: History and Culture Question What are some of the important events in southern Africa’s history?

9. 1450 1650 1800 1890 1900 1910 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Section 2: History and Culture Late 1400s Portuguese arrive. 1899–1902 Boer War is fought. 1960s Most British colonies gain independence. 1980 Zimbabwe and Zambia gain independence. 1652 Dutch arrive. 1910 South Africa gains independence. 1990 Nelson Mandela is released from prison. 1970s Portuguese colonies gain independence. 1800s British take over Cape area. 1912 ANC is established. 1800s Sotho kingdom flourishes. 1975 Angola becomes communist. 1994 Mandela is elected president of South Africa. 1948 Apartheid is established. Late 1800s Diamonds and gold are discovered.

10. Section 2: History and Culture History • First inhabitants were hunter-gatherers and animal herders • Bantu migrations, beginning around A.D. 100 • Arrival of Portuguese traders in the 1400s • Dutch settlement at Cape Town (1652), followed by other Europeans • Boer War (1899–1902) between British and Dutch settlers • Independence—South Africa (1910), Angola and Mozambique (1970s), Zimbabwe (1980) • Civil wars in Mozambique and Angola • End of apartheid in South Africa; election of Nelson Mandela (1994)

11. Section 2: History and Culture • Bantu languages widely spoken; white population speaks English and Afrikaans; governments often rely on European languages • Religion—Traditional practices, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism • Denser population in wetter eastern portion • African traditions are strongest in rural areas and small towns • Traditional villages surround kraal (cattle pen) • Cities have European origins Cultural Features

12. Section 3: The Region Today Read to Discover • What are the main economic activities in southern Africa? • What are the region’s cities like? • What challenges face the people of southern Africa?

13. Section 3: The Region Today Question What activities influence southern Africa’s economies?

14. Southern Africa’s Economies Section 3: The Region Today Mineral Exports Tourism Farming Informal Sector • Game parks in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe • Tropical islands of Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles • Subsistence, local markets, commercial • Tobacco, coffee, vanilla, corn, fruit, wheat • Foods and fruits, souvenirs • Services such as car repair • Found in the region’s large cities • Gold in South Africa • Oil in Angola • Diamonds in Botswana • Copper in Zambia

15. Section 3: The Region Today Economic Activities • South Africa is the most developed and diversified; Mozambique is the least. • Farming is the chief activity, mostly subsistence but some commercial. • Oil and minerals are increasingly important—gold, diamonds, copper. • Informal sector (people who do not work for formal businesses) plays a key role. • Tourism is important—wild game parks, beaches.

16. Section 3: The Region Today • Great contrasts—Wealthy suburbs, modern downtown areas, large slums • Shantytowns—Despite poverty, many are well-organized • Greater Johannesburg—Largest urban area; industrial center • Townships—Apartheid-era areas for non-white South Africans Cities

17. Section 3: The Region Today • Poverty and its effects • Urbanization—Overcrowding and pollution • Droughts and floods • Deforestation and species loss in Madagascar • Disease, spread of HIV Challenges

18. Chapter Wrap-UpUnderstanding the Main Ideas 1. What are two reasons the western part of southern Africa is drier than the eastern parts? 2. Which Europeans settled in what is now South Africa? How did these peoples interact with each other? 3. What was the apartheid system? When did it end? 4. What are some features that attract tourists to southern Africa? 5. Why has life expectancy in southern Africa dropped in recent years? How do you think such changes might affect future population growth in the region?