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Blood Transfusions and Matching Donors & Recipients: Importance and Consequences

This text explores the significance of matching blood donors with recipients, the consequences of non-matching transfusions, and the components of blood. It also discusses the ABO blood group system and the potential risks of agglutination.

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Blood Transfusions and Matching Donors & Recipients: Importance and Consequences

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  1. 30.5 Blood and Transfusions 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 51 • Topic: 30.5 Blood and Transfusions • Essential Question(s): • Why is it always best to make sure that a blood donor matches the recipient? Consequences of a non match? KEY CONCEPT Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials.

  2. Crabs have blue blood. Earthworms have green blood. Starfish have yellow blood. Humans have red blood. • Hypothesize what gives blood its color.

  3. Its components (what is inside of it) • In humans hemoglobin, a red pigment that is found in red blood cells, gives human blood its color

  4. KEY CONCEPT Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials.

  5. Director of the American Red Cross • Recruited 100,000 people to donate blood • Developed large scale blood banks during WWII • Resigned from his position when the U.S. military insisted that blood be segregated according to race • He argued that blood has no race.He was correct. Charles Richard Drew (1904-1950)

  6. plasma red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. • Whole blood is made up of different materials. • plasma • red blood cells • white blood cells • platelets

  7. red blood cell platelet white blood cell • Bone marrow manufactures most of the blood components • Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Bone marrow

  8. On the rest of pg. 51, please create a Tree Map of the parts of blood and their functions from the class notes and videos. Blood PlasmaRedWhitePlatelets BloodBlood CellsCells 926-928 10 minute Tree Map

  9. plasma red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets • Plasma is a key factor in maintaining homeostasis. • Liquid component of blood • Makes up 55% of blood • mostly water (90% by volume) • contains dissolved proteins, glucose, mineral ions, salts, hormones and carbon dioxide

  10. transport oxygen to cells and carry away carbon dioxide • have no nuclei and contain hemoglobin • life span (120 days) • Determine blood type • Red blood cells make up 40-45 % of all blood cells.

  11. red blood cell platelet white blood cell • White blood cells fight pathogens and destroy foreign matter. • Contain no hemoglobin • Also part of the immune system

  12. platelets fibrin white blood cell red blood cell • Platelets help form clots that control bleeding. • Cell fragments produced by bone marrow • Blood clots that form in blood vessels present serious risk to health- can cause stroke or heart attack • Inability to form clots is equally serious- Hemophilia

  13. Predict what you think might happen to your blood if you become dehydrated. Because the blood contains so much water, being dehydrated would make the blood thicker, affecting blood flow, and homeostasis.

  14. Blood (5m50s-10m)

  15. Turn in your In-Class Essay

  16. Blood Transfusions A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which blood from a donor is given to a recipient through IV • Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or due to a serious injury

  17. In the 1800’s human blood was being used for blood transfusions (earlier other animal blood was used) • Results were very unpredictable • Some people were cured • But many were killed • The success rate was so poor, many nations banned transfusions

  18. Karl Landsteiner: • Began investigating why some blood transfusions work, and some do not • In 1900, he determined that blood was of differing types and that only certain combinations of them were compatible • By 1910, the identification of the ABO blood antigen explained the observed blood type incompatibilities

  19. RBCs have surface protein markers that define your blood type • If you receive blood with a protein marker different from your own: • immune system will attack the foreign blood cells, causing them to clump- can result in death

  20. Agglutination: the clumping of red blood cells resulting from a transfusion reaction • May result in death Symptoms • Anxiety • Breathing difficulty • Facial flushing • Headache • Severe pain in head/neck/back • RBCs burst • Jaundice • Kidneys fail resulting in death

  21. Ex: If type A blood comes into contact with blood containing the Anti-A antibody, agglutination will occur

  22. Antigens: RBC surface molecules Antibodies: proteins carried in the blood’s plasma Called “anti” because they are “against” specific antigens Avoiding the mixture of certain kinds of antigens and antibodies prevents agglutination! Anti-A is against Antigen A Anti-B is against Antigen B

  23. If you have blood plasma that contains Anti-A, you do NOT want to come in contact with blood that contains antigen A Anti-A is against Antigen A If you have blood plasma that contains Anti-B, you do NOT want to come in contact with blood that contains antigen B Anti-B is against Antigen B

  24. ABO Blood Group: Based on the presence or absenceof two major antigens on red blood cell membranes • antigen A • antigen B FOCUS ON THE ANTIBODIES PRESENT! Are they “Anti” the antigen?

  25. Blood Transfusions (2m8s)

  26. Group A Blood Antigen present: Antigen A Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-B antibody Agglutination will occur in the presence of : Anti-A antibody Anti-A (Type B, AB blood)

  27. Group B Blood Antigen present: Antigen B Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-A antibody Agglutination will occur in the presence of : Anti-B antibody Anti-B (Type A, AB blood)

  28. Group AB Blood Antigen present: Antigen A and Antigen B Antibodies present in plasma: None Agglutination will occur in the presence of : Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies *Can receive blood from anyone because it DOESN’T CONTAIN ANTIBODIES. Nothing to attack the incoming blood.

  29. Group O Blood Antigen present: None Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-A antibody and Anti-B antibody Agglutination will occur in the presence of : It will not occur (there are no antigens) Type A Type B Anti-A/B (Type A, B, AB blood) Type AB

  30. Blood Transfusions Type A: If a person with A blood receives blood from someone whose blood contains B antigens, The B antibodies present in their plasma will attack the foreign RBCs by binding to them…agglutination occurs Type B: If a person with B blood receives blood from someone whose blood contains A antigens, The A antibodies present in their plasma will attack the foreign RBCs by binding to them…agglutination occurs

  31. Blood Transfusions Type AB: If a person with AB blood receives blood from someone whose blood contains A or B antigens, They have NO ANTIBODIES present in their plasma to attack the foreign RBCs…so they can receive blood from anyone! Type O: If a person with O blood receives blood from someone whose blood contains A or B antigens, The A and B antibodies present in their plasma will attack the foreign RBCs by binding to them…agglutination occurs

  32. Universal Donor: If a blood type lacks antigens, it can theoretically be transfused into persons with any other type of blood • Which type of blood is considered the “universal donor”? • Type O • Universal Recipient: If a blood type lacks antibodies, it can theoretically receive blood from any other type of blood • Which type of blood is considered the “universal recipient”? • Type AB • BUT…It is always best to use donor blood of the same type for transfusions!!!!!

  33. U.S. Blood Type Statistics • Type O= 47% • Type A= 41% • Type B= 9% • Type AB= 3%

  34. Rh Blood Group Rh-positive: Antigen present: Antigen D or other Rh antigens Rh Antibody present: None Agglutination will occur: None! Can donate to: only Rh+ Can receive from: Rh+ or Rh- blood This person has type O blood (contains A and B antibody) and is Rh+

  35. Rh Blood Group Rh-negative: Antigen present: None. Rh Antibody present: Rh antibody Agglutination will occur: in the presence of Rh+ blood Can donate to: Rh+ OR Rh- Can receive from: Rh- blood only This person has type O blood (contains A and B antibody) and is Rh-

  36. **Blood must be checked for both ABO and Rh factor • blood types must be compatible for transfusions

  37. For example I am A positive (A+)

  38. Ernie’s Exit- Blood Typing Lab • A small pool of blood and a weapon was found near a garbage dumpster. • After examining the area, the CSI on the scene discovered the body of Ernest “One-Eyed” Earl • Earl had a wound to the chest • The CSI tested blood samples from the blood pool and the weapon at the crime scene and it was determined to be human blood • two different blood types were found Task: Through blood typing analysis, we need to determine who the two blood samples belong to. The primary hypothesis is that one blood sample is from the victim, while the other may be from his killer.

  39. Ernie’s Exit- Blood Typing Lab The CSI has identified three suspects in the crime: • #1 Bobby “Baby” Brooks • #2 “Slim” Jim Snoot • #3 Barbie “Doll” Jones

  40. Ernie’s Exit- Blood Typing Lab Materials: • 3 blood typing trays (Marked A, B, and Rh) • Blood from each of the suspects • Crime scene blood samples (x 2) • Blood from weapon (thought to belong to “One-Eyed”) • Other blood found at the crime scene • Blood typing kit (Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh serum) • Toothpicks for stirring • 6 droppers (clearly labeled)

  41. Ernie’s Exit- Blood Typing Lab Directions: • Add a drop of blood from your blood container to each of the three spots in the tray (A, B, Rh) • Add a drop of anti-A serum to the A blood spot • Add a drop of anti-B serum to the B blood spot • Add a drop of anti-Rh serum to the Rh spot • Stir with a clean toothpick IF IT “CLOTS”, PUT A PLUS (+) ON YOUR CHART IF NOTHING HAPPENS, PUT A (-) ON YOUR CHART • Determine the blood type of each sample • Clean up all trays (with water), wipe dry

  42. Type A Blood: (Antigen A) Anti-A: agglutination (+) Anti-B: no agglutination (-) Type B Blood (Antigen B) Anti-A: no agglutination (-) Anti-B: agglutination (+) Type AB Blood: (Antigen A &B) Anti-A: agglutination (+) Anti-B: agglutination (+) Type O Blood: No Antigens Anti-A: no agglutination (-) Anti-B: no agglutination (-)

  43. The Blood Typing Game • http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/gamev2/index.html

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