Ancient Greece 2000 B.C.E. – 133 B.C.E.

1. Ancient Greece2000 B.C.E. – 133 B.C.E.

2. Despite their cultural ties, the Greek city-states were often in conflict with one another. The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek city-states. The Persian Wars: Overview

3. United, the city-states defeated the Persians and ended the threat of Persian invasions. Persian prisoners The Persian Wars: Overview

4. The First Persian War 546 B.C • Cause • Persian Empire conquers Greek colonies in Ionia • Response • Ionians refuse to pay tribute and begin to rebel • Secretly the Athenians send weapons & a ship to aide the rebellion

5. The First Persian War 546 B.C • Result: • Darius I of Persia crushes rebellion • leaves Athens alone but… Greek vs. Persian

6. The Second Persian War 490 BC • Cause • Revenge for Athenian interference • “Master, Remember the Athenians” every day a servant said that to King Darius!

7. The Second Persian War 490 BC • Results • Battle of Marathon • Outnumbered Greeks defeat Persians • 6,400 Persians die! • Pheidippides carries message of victory home to Athens 26 miles • The distance of the marathon. “Rejoice, we conquer.” Then he died.

8. The Second Persian War 490 BC • Results • build fleet of faster ships to prepare for another attack • Athens asks other city-states to form an alliance (1st ever in Greek history)

9. Third Persian War 480 B.C. • Cause • Persians want revenge • Come after Athens by land and by sea Major Battles • Battle of Thermopylae Led by Spartan King Leonidas 6,000 Spartans vs. 200,000 Persians Athens is burned

10. Third Persian War 480 B.C. Major Battles • Strait of Salamis: Naval Battle Persian fleet sunk -Forced to retreat! • Battle of Plataea a year later final Persia forces defeated Battle of Salamis

11. Third Persian War: The Outcome! • Results • Athens increases its status among the city-states. • Athens wants a permanent alliance with the city-states but with them at the head. • Sparta is upset!

12. The Delian League Formed • Alliance headed by Pericles of Athens • To defend further Persian invasion • Collected dues from members • Problems • Forced members to remain • Used $ to rebuild Athens • Promoted democracies only Sparta jealous!

13. The Impact of the Persian Wars • Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state. • Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with 150 Greek city-states and colonies in the Aegean region. • Athens used the Delian League to create an Athenian empire. • With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into its Golden Age! But who was paying bill? • Sparta will eventually form an opposing alliance with the neutral city-states

14. The Peloponnesian War: The Alliance System Fails!

15. Many Greeks outside of Athens resented Athenian domination. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League to rival the Delian League. Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy… Which life style would influence the other city-states? Which type of government? The Peloponnesian War: CAUSES

16. Simulation: Diplomacy of War • Divide into groups of three • Read simulation instructions • You have 20 minute to complete the simulation and then report to the class.

17. The Peloponnesian War • Athens abusing funds from Delian League • 27 year war ensues • Enthusiasm for the war high on both sides • Pericles brings all the people into the city • He depends on the navy, high walls and food supplies to string out the war

18. "long wall" strategy of Pericles

19. A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens! • However a plague hits and nothing can stop the disease…morale is low.. • Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population • Most believe it was typhus: high fever and rash • Plague sweeps through a total of 3 times during the war • Generals are dead, Pericles is dead, no leadership

20. Pericles’ Funeral Oration Pericles gave a speech at the annual funeral of Athenians slain in battle. This speech is considered one of the earliest and greatest expressions of democratic ideals. Athenians believed they were fighting for a principle and a life-style “good” for all Greece.

21. Pericles’ Funeral Oration “Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as harmless, but as a useless character.” --Pericles’ 431 B.C.

22. The Peloponnesian War • Sparta builds a blockade around the walls… • No supplies or food from the countryside • Athens surrenders! • All the Greek city- states divided and chaos!

23. Persia gained control of many city-states Defeated democracy in Greece Sparta would eventually fall to Persia Athen’s cultural influence continues The Peloponnesian War: Effects

24. Great Philosophers of Greece • The word “philosophy” comes from the Greeks. • “Philosophy” by Greek definition means “love of wisdom.” • The Greeks believed that nature followed general rules called “natural laws,” which could be discovered by reason. • GOAL: • Understand the universe and the people who lived in it…

25. The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?

26. Socrates • No written records • His student Plato wrote about him • Took no pay for his work; • a stone mason by trade • He believed the goal of education was to improve peoples’ lives • “…the unexamined life is not worth living.” • -Socrates

27. Socrates • “Socratic Method” • question & answer approach; helped people recognize they didn’t have all the answers! • “Know thy self”… • Self-examination leads to correct behavior and ethical living. Why?

28. Socrates on Trial----WHY? • Seen by many to not believe in the gods • Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the youth! • He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat…

29. Socrates Reminded Greeks at his trial -that there is a necessity in doing right, even in the face of universal opposition -one must pursue knowledge at all costs.

30. Great Philosophers of Greece • “The Death of Socrates” Painted in France in 1787 • How does it depict this famous man? • -Noble, dignified & forceful. • -He is ready to meet his death but not before he speaks his mind!

31. Sophists • Paid for hire teachers; young men • Believed discovering universal truth impossible • Were interested in the political and social success. • Wealthy and often unethical • Skilled debaters • No absolute right or wrong • Viewed as harmful by many Athenians

32. Socrates was labeled as being in this group, he hated being “lumped” with them! • He did not hold their values! • Challenged the Sophists with not teaching the young men correctly For example, the kinds of questions they asked: • “How could I succeed in politics?” • Socrates would want to ask: • “How should I live my life?”

33. Plato • Author of The Republic • No family or personal property; common good government • Yet the government should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives! Started a school called The Academy

34. Plato • Rulers should be unselfish. • Believed that only the most intelligent should participate in gov’t. • Believed in finding “truth” through reason!

35. Aristotle Did not agree with his teacher… • Knowledge should be gained from all the senses. • Major influence in Western European culture • Believed women were just “infertile men…” and inadequate

36. Aristotle • Wrote Politics • Supports family & personal property • A government that features three social classes • Favored a single, strong ruler • Able leaders that have a respect for the law • Responsibilities of citizens to their government

37. Finish their words…You can make them funny or serious! • Socrates: “Bad men live that they may eat and drink, whereas good men eat and drink that they may_______________. • Socrates: “As for me, all I know is that I ______________________. • Plato: “Even the gods love_________. • Aristotle: “No one loves the man whom he ____________________. What is Aristotle saying? “Educated men are as much superior to uneducated men as the living are to the dead.”

38. Other Schools of thought… • Stoicism: -Hellenistic philosophy, 300 B.C. by Zeno from Phoenicia Met on the “stoa”: an open porch -take what life brings with dignity & reason • Epicureanism: - Hellenistic philosophy, 300 B.C. by the teacher Epicurus; a happy life was one without pain, anxiety and stress – live joyful & simply! - Later followers stressed that fine pleasures & luxury would bring true joy in life.

39. The Golden Age of Athens • Period of great achievements in arts and sciences. • Athens rebuilt by Pericles, Athenian General. • Built with the money collected by the League.

40. Democracy & Greece’s Golden Age List Pericles’ three goals for Athens. Give at least one example for each. Pericles’ Goals Glorify Athens: Hired artists, built architectural projects and the Parthenon Strengthen Athens’ democracy: Increased number of paid officials, increased citizen participation; juries Direct democracies Hold and strengthen empire: Built navy through Delian League’s funds, protected overseas trade continued . . .

41. Greek Architects and Artists The work of Greek artists and architects reflected a concern with balance, order, and beauty. Harmony and Idealism are found in the paintings, sculptures and buildings. All the artwork offer views of Greek life. There are thousands of artifacts left for us enjoy!

42. GreeceArchitecture

43. The Parthenon Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon. Built between 447 BC and 438 BC.

44. Columns Columns are part of Post and Lintel type construction

45. Egyptians used post and lintel architecture in their buildings

46. Columns The Greeks adopted post and lintel from the Egyptians modifying and developing their own style of column or order decoration There are three types of Greek columns--which are still used today.

47. 1. Doric • The first of the Greek order (the oldest)

48. 2. Ionic • The second Greek order (the middle)

49. 3. Corinthian • The third type of the Greek order

50. Columns are the post part in construction; the Greeks also modified the Lintel part