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Canine Vaccination: Importance, Frequency & Safety Considerations

Learn about vaccinating dogs to minimize infection risk, eradicate diseases, and boost immunity. Understand core vs. non-core vaccines, booster requirements, and vaccination safety. Get insights from a veterinary expert at Dogs Trust.

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Canine Vaccination: Importance, Frequency & Safety Considerations

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  1. Vaccination: How Necessary and How Often Paula Boyden BVetMed MRCVS Veterinary Director Dogs Trust

  2. Disease Control Minimise risk of infection: • Good husbandry • Hygiene measures • Vaccination

  3. Vaccination is not an excuse for poor husbandry!

  4. People • Hand washing • Personal Gels • Clothing

  5. How to Wash Your Hands

  6. Why Vaccinate? • No specific treatment available • generally viral…..most are potentially fatal • Treatable but potentially fatal e.g. Leptospirosis • bacterial

  7. Is Vaccination appropriate? • May be other alternative control measures • eradication by removing infected individuals • Treatment with appropriate therapy • e.g. antibiotics

  8. Aims of Vaccination Ideally... • Eradicate disease • Prevent infection • Protect against disease • Sometimes limiting clinical signs is the best we can do

  9. Limitations of Vaccination • Disease management factors • Carrier states: FCV, FHV • Challenge pressure • Immunocompetence • Vaccine handling – best practice

  10. Infection Symptoms Immunity Excretion starts Time High and Low Levels of Infection High infection levels Low infection levels

  11. Factors Affecting Immunity 1. Health status 2. Nutritional status 3. Genetic factors 4. Stress 5. Concurrent drug therapy Immunity can be stimulated/boosted by vaccination

  12. Live Vaccines • ‘Better’ stimulation of immune system • Very rapid response • Usually single dose • More persistent level of immunity

  13. Killed Vaccines • Generally require two injections for primary course • Require more frequent boosters • NB - both must pass the same safety tests

  14. Primary Course Vaccination Antibody Titre Live Killed Age (weeks)

  15. Active following infection (antibodies & CMI) Passive MDA via dam’s milk (90%) via placental transfer Naturally Acquired Immunity

  16. Primary Course Vaccination Antibody Titre Live Killed MDA Age (weeks)

  17. Infection Vaccination Maternally Derived Antibody High infection levels

  18. Vaccination Maternally Derived Antibody Low infection level

  19. Routine vaccination - from hero….. ….to villain! Photographs courtesy Dr. Hal Thompson University of Glasgow

  20. Pet Vaccination: The Main Concerns • Do vaccines cause such significant side effects that we are doing more harm than good? • Do we need to revaccinate every year? • What is the risk of disease in the unvaccinated animal? • What is the duration of immunity (DOI)? • Do we need to vaccinate every animal with every available vaccine? • Core vs non-core vaccines

  21. General Transient, mild lethargy / malaise Allergy / anaphylaxis Specific ‘Blue eye’ Live CAV1 vaccines - no longer used in UK Safety: What do we know?

  22. Objective To determine whether a temporal association exists between canine vaccination and ill health Method General health questionnaire 3966 useable records (2002 M, 1964 F) Safety: POOCH Study

  23. POOCH - results • Overall Signs of illness 18% (717) • Recently vacc. with signs of illness 16.4% (142) • Not recently vacc. with signs of illness 18.8% (506)

  24. POOCH Conclusions • No association between recent vaccination and ill health in dogs • Statistically the frequency of ill health in dogs recently vaccinated or not is equivalent • No association between vaccination at any time point and ill health • Ranging from within 1 month to within 12 months • Older dogs have more reported signs, but taking this into account …….. • No association between the number of vaccinations received and ill health in dogs

  25. Core vs Non Core • Core Vaccines: Regarded as essential for all cases regardless of individual lifestyle • Non Core: Given following an assessment of that individual’s risk of disease based on lifestyle and known risk factors.

  26. Canine Core vs Non-core ‘Core’ Vaccines ‘Non-Core’ Vaccines Canine Parvovirus Canine Distemper Virus Infectious Canine Hepatitis Leptospirosis* Canine Parainfluenza Virus Bordetella bronchiseptica Rabies (Canine coronavirus) (Canine Herpesvirus)

  27. Feline Core vs Non-core ‘Core’ Vaccines ‘Non-Core’ Vaccines FPV (FPL) FCV FHV FeLV* Chlamydophila Rabies Bb

  28. Immunity is not lifelong to all diseases and therefore boosters will be required at intervals to maintain the high level of protection. The manufacturers recommended booster intervals are designed to ensure, as far as is practically possible, that all animals under field conditions (even ones that do not respond as well to vaccination) maintain a level of protective immunity. Why are boosters necessary?

  29. Mean No. Dogs 95% 99% Immune Response Response to Vaccination

  30. Minimum Protective titre 6 years p.v. Response to Vaccination 6 weeks p.v. <20 >20,480 Immune Response

  31. Thank You

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