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Sructure of plants, parts of the plant and their functions
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Plants • Structure María Liste
All plants have different parts that we call structures. In most plants you can identify the following structures:
Roots have very important functions: • They anchor the plant to the ground • They absorb water and minerals from the soil, which are then transported to the rest of the plant. They act like straws absorbing water and minerals from the soil. Tiny root hairs stick out of the root, helping in the absorption. • Some plants store the food they make in their roots, like beetroots or carrots.
Types of roots Fibrous roots Tap roots With a main root that has branches on its sides All roots are similar in form and size
Stems connect the roots to the rest of the plant. • The stem supports the leaves, flowers and fruit (It holds these parts upright) • The stem has tubes inside to carry water and minerals throughout the plant. It’s easy to see the tubes in a celery stalk • Some plants store the food they produce in their stems (like sugar cane or asparagus) Sugar cane
Plant tubes are called XYLEM and PHLOEM. They are like the blood vessels in the human body. They transport water, minerals and nutrients to the entire plant.
Herbaceous stems Woody stems Types of stems Grasses and ferns have herbaceous stems Bushes and trees have woody stems They are hard, brown and rigid. They are not flexible. They are made of wood. They survive year to year and keep growing. They are soft, green and flexible. They bend easily. They regrow each year.
Modified stems: (stems that grow along the ground or underground) Runners (Strawberries) Tubers (Potatoes) Rhizomes (Ginger) Bulbs (Onions)
Leavesperform photosynthesis. Thanks to this process: Leaves capture sunlight and make food for the plant Leaves take in CO2 and releaseOxygen into the air. That’s why we say... Plants are producers: They start food chains making food from the sun. Plants are the lungs of the Earth: They clean the air and give us the oxygen we need to breathe.
Most leaves have two parts: petiole and blade. Here takes part the gas exchange in photosynthesis Blade carry water, minerals and food Petiole Veins:
Some plants store food in their leaves like spinach, lettuce and cabbage.
Flowers are the reproductive organs of the flowering plants.. Most plants have flowers. • Flowers make pollen which is needed to make seeds. • Flowers are often brightly coloured to attract birds and insects to spread their pollen and bring pollen from other flowers. • Flowers transform into fruits
Flowers contain pollen and tiny eggs called ovules. After pollination of the flower and fertilization of the ovule, the ovary develops into a fruit.
Fruits. The fruit is the structure that protects the seeds of a plant. The function of the fruits is to hold and protect the seeds. Fruits provide a covering for seeds.
If a seed receives water and gets warm, the baby plant (embryo) inside it starts to grow. The process of a baby plant beginning to grow is called germination. We say the seed germinates or sprouts. The first part of the plant we see pushing its way out of the seed coat is the root.
After the seed germinates (sprouts) and grows into an adult plant, the plant flowers. The flower makes seeds for new plants to grow and develop. This process from seed to adult plant to flower to seed is called:
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