Eastern Europe 1648-1740

1. Eastern Europe 1648-1740 Aging: (HOP) HRE, Ottoman Empire, Poland Emerging (RAP): Russia, Austria, Prussia

2. 3 Aging Empires • Holy Roman Empire • Poland • Ottoman Empire • Ineffective & pushed aside by growth of Prussia, Russia, Austria

3. 3 Aging Empires • Central gov’ts weak • Bad admin. & gov’t • All pushed out w/ newer states • Gov’ts changed w/ whoever was in charge

4. Division by East and West • In East: • Towns smaller • Labor less productive • Middle class less strong • Peasants = mass loss of freedom • Landlords only significant political class

5. Holy Roman Empire • No/little army, revenues, working gov’t • Voltaire: “it is neither holy, Roman, nor an empire.” • “Ruined” by Reformation

6. Republic of Poland • Very large = 1000 miles long = hard to administer • Aristocracy wouldn’t allow absolutism • But didn’t create effective const. or parliament • Szlachta: Polish aristocracy = 89% • Seen as form of democracy-leery of central gov’t • Gov’t in shambles • King of Pol: no army, no courts, no officials, on income, nobility paid no taxes

7. Republic of Poland Cont. • 18th Cent. largest European state • Old political structure failed to devel. modern form of gov’t • Deep anarchy & confusion • Hold Royal elections but internat’l interference • Poland Partitioned in 1772: Russia, Austria, & Prussia took slices

8. Rise of Austria • Fall of Powers • HRE & Spain collapse after 30 Years’ War • Austria now able to form own empire • Kingdoms of Austria • Held together by Austrian Habsburg dynasty • During 30 Yrs War pushed out Prot. & reconquered & recatholicized Bohemia • Also conquered Hungary

9. Rise of Austria Cont. • Turks • 1526 Turks in Hungary & many yrs of fighting • 1683 siege Vienna • w/ aid from Pope Innocent XI turn Turks away led by Prince Eugene of Savoy • Prince Eugene of Savoy • Founder of modern Austrian state • Military & state commander • 1697 Turks out of Hungary = Peace of Karlowitz 1699 get most of Hungary

10. Rise of Prussia • German States • $ Gone after the war • Fell behind the rest of Europe • Not much of a Burgher class • Laws different throughout Germany • Calendar varied • Science & learning non-existent • Art & Lit.  • Each state had sovereignty w/ emperor over them

11. 300 States • Some independence • Electors elect Emperor • Golden Bull 1356: 7 electors; wanted to preserve German liberties • Germanic liberties = state control over empire control • After 30 Yrs’ War German states would not allow any authority of imperial diet (diet=power to raise troops & taxes for whole empire) • Religion: both Prot. & Cath. demand “right of setting apart” = chamber • Each religion had a veto in chamber

12. 300 States • States didn’t want empire to take away liberties but didn’t give ind. Rights w/in own states = almost oligarchy • After Peace of Westphalia • Absolute monarchies building over subjects • People gain high pol. position • ~ 1700 Prussia & Austria on own

13. Westernization of Russia • Not Part of Europeanization: • Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople influence not Rome • Mongol invasions & conquests: 250 yrs kept Asiatic influence until 1480 when Ivan III defeated them • Geography: Very little warm water outlets; hard for communication & commerce

14. Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584 • 1st grand duke of Muscovy & 1st to take title of tsar • Saw what was going on in Poland & didn’t want it to happen in Russia • After his death Time of Troubles 1598-1613 because he left no heir

15. Time of Troubles 1598-1613 • Nobles elected a # of tsars & wanted certain assurances • Country going through almost like 30 yrs war • 1613 nat’l assembly elected 16 yr old boy to rule, hope no connection w/ warring parties

16. Michael Romanov • Ivan Terrible’s grandnephew • Began Romanov dynasty that lasted until 1917 • Early on saw problems w/ elected monarchy • Start repressing representing groups eventually to set up abs. monarchies

17. Russian Peasantry • Land abundant, labor shortage • People moving around • Landlords wanted to make sure had labor force • Serf’s tied to land=loss of freedom to move • Many rebellions – see text for information • Results of rebellions-tightened control on serfs

18. Peter the Great • Westernization of Russia social as well as political change that occurred very quickly • Had relations w/ Europe for some time • 1697-1698 went to Europe & recruited ~1000 experts for service in Russia • Peters Master Plan: wanted to create army that could stand up to those of West • Wanted to hold off Poles, Swedes, Turks, from coming into Russia • Expand to get seaports: warm-water ports on Baltic & Black Seas

19. Peter the Great - Internal Changes • Needed $ w/ many changes • Taxes imposed on everything (land, hats, right to wear a beard & to marry) • Taxes fell on peasants • Mobility restricted more-again • Used Colbert’s ideas of mercantilism • Encouraged exports, built fleet, & increased textile & metallurgy • Increased commercial companies • Serfdom now industrial as well as agricultural • Economic system under tsar control - no private enterprise

20. Results of Peter • Set things up very quickly: some accepted, others rejected the ideas • Put own son to death b/c going to slow down the changes he had made • After his death some turmoil • He did try to enforce a whole new (western) culture on Russia – peasants not reached

21. Peter the Great