The Progressive Movement

1. The Progressive Movement

2. Gilded- “to make appear more bright and attractive” “An era of slums and palaces” Created by Katherine Lacks

3. Origins of the Progressive Movement • industrialization and urbanization lead to many problems • social upheaval • poor working conditions • child labor • domination by large corporations • Corrupt governments

4. The Political Machine The Organization (aka: City Bosses) • organized group that controlled activities of a political party in a city • offered services to voters and business in exchange for political and financial support • voters received city jobs, contracts, political appointments in exchange for votes • organized like a pyramid Created by Katherine Lacks

5. The Political Machine • City Boss – controlled the political party throughout the city • Ward Boss – worked to gain all precinct’s support during elections • Local precinct workers and captains – gained voter support on block or in neighborhood Created by Katherine Lacks

6. The City Boss • controlled 1000s of city jobs (including police, fire, sanitation), business licenses and inspections, influenced courts and agencies • helped solve many urban problems which won loyalty from voters • built parks, sewer systems, waterworks, gave money to schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc. Created by Katherine Lacks

7. The City Boss • many were 1st or 2nd generation immigrants and had worked their way up from poverty • spoke language and could relate to immigrant problems • able to provide solutions • helped immigrants become naturalized, find place to live and get a job in exchange for votes Created by Katherine Lacks

8. Corruption was widespread during this era in the government The rapid industrialization led to rapid urbanization and local governments could not keep up with the fast rate of city growth Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe had no knowledge of democratic society and were easy prey for city bosses Businessmen were closely linked with big city bosses making corruption hard to fight Created by Katherine Lacks

9. Graft & Scandal • fraudulent elections - use names of dogs, kids, deceased as voters • graft - misuse of power • turning in a bill higher than actual cost and "kickback" (illegal payments) go to the machine • granting favors to businesses in return for cash • accepting bribes to allow illegal activities Created by Katherine Lacks

10. Tweed Ring • William Marcy Tweed - head of Tammany Hall - NYC's powerful Democratic political machine (1863) • pocketed @ $200 million from city in kickbacks (1869-1871) • finally broken up in 1871 • Tweed indicted on 220 counts of fraud and extortion - sentenced to 12 years • escaped after serving 2 years but recaptured in Spain later Created by Katherine Lacks

11. William Marcy “Boss” Tweed Created by Katherine Lacks

12. Reformers • Social Gospel Movement • preached salvation thru service to the poor • inspired people to build churches in poor communities and convinced some business leaders to treat workers more fairly Created by Katherine Lacks

13. Reformers • Settlement-house Movement • community centers in slum neighborhoods that gave assistance and friendship to locals - especially immigrants • ran mostly by middle-class, college-educated women • promote education, culture, and social services • provide classes - English, health, crafts, drama, music, etc. • sent nurses to homes of sick, injured, etc. • Jane Addams - co-founder of Chicago's Hull House - 1889 • Locust Street Social Settlement - Hampton, VA - 1st one for African Americans Created by Katherine Lacks

14. Reasons that the RICH were so rich (and there were few of them) and the POOR were so poor (and there were so many of them) • No income taxes • No Government regulations on business (at first) • Fewunions to protect workers & help increase wages • Lack of proper education & Child Labor • Strong Belief in Social Darwinism (among “Rich”) • Massive graft and corruption Created by Katherine Lacks

15. WHAT WAS PROGRESSIVISM? • IT CAN ALSO BE DEFINED AS THE BEGINNING OF MODERN “LIBERALISM” • LIBERALS/PROGRESSIVES BELIEVED: • THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVE • SOCIAL PROBLEMS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED THROUGH GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION • PUBLIC FUNDS SHOULD BE USED TO ADDRESS SOCIAL PROBLEMS

17. The majority were from the well educated urban middle class WHO WERE THE PROGRESSIVES?

18. Progressive Movement Basics • centered around reform • return control of gov. to the people • restore economic opportunities • correct injustices in American life • attracted support of middle-class city dwellers • wanted to correct problems caused by industry

19. 4 Major Goals • 1. Protecting social welfare • relief of urban problems • continuation of reform started by Social Gospel and Settlement house movements • YMCA – opened libraries, sponsored classes, built swimming pools and handball courts • Salvation Army – fed hungry, cared for kids in nurseries, “slum brigades” to teach the value of hard work • Florence Kelley – work in settlement houses and protection of women and kids Created by Katherine Lacks

21. 4 Major Goals • 2. Promoting moral reform • belief that morality was key to improve lives of poor • prohibition/temperance – banning of alcoholic beverages • Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • promoted prohibition • Frances Willard – help organize into national organization • demonstrated in saloons, opened kindergartens for immigrants, visited prison inmates and asylums, worked for women’s suffrage • Carry Nation – used hatchet to smash liquor bottles • Anti-Saloon League • angered many immigrant groups in whose lives saloons served many purposes • model for other single-issue interest groups

22. WCTU

23. 4 Major Goals • 3. Creating economic reform • people were criticizing ideas of capitalism • American Socialist Party (1900) – organized by Eugene Debs • muckrakers – journalists writing about corrupt side of business • Ida Tarbell – “History of the Standard Oil Company” Created by Katherine Lacks

24. 4 Major Goals • 4. Fostering Efficiency • scientific management –(Frederick W. Taylor) • effort to improve efficiency in workplace by applying scientific principles to make tasks simpler and easier • workers became more productive which led to an increase in goods and services • assembly line - Henry Ford • Ford reduced hours to 8/day and increased pay to $5/day to keep workers happy • very hard work Created by Katherine Lacks

25. How did they do it???Reforming Local and State Governments • Government officials helped to reform government on the local and state level by holding fair elections, getting the people more involved in politics, concentrating on economic issues (fairer taxes, safer schools, parks, etc) Created by Katherine Lacks

26. How did they do it???Protecting Workers • movement to end child labor • 1910 – 2 million industrial workers under the age of 15 • suffered from health problems • National Child Labor Committee (1904) • Keating-Owen Act (1916) • prohibited transportation of goods produced with child labor across state lines • declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court • some success on state level – by 1920 the number of child laborers was cut in half • movement to limit work hours • Muller v. Oregon – allowed state to legally limit working hours for women • workers' compensation also obtained to aid families of workers hurt/killed on the job Created by Katherine Lacks

27. How did they do it???Protecting Workers • Election Reforms • Initiative: bill originated by the people • Referendum: vote (by people) on an initiative • Recall: voters may remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term • Secret ballot: allows voters to choose without outside influence • Direct primary: voters choose candidates for public office • 17th Amendment (1913): direct election of Senators by popular vote • forced Senators to be more responsive to the public Created by Katherine Lacks

28. How did they do it???Women’s Suffrage • Susan B. Anthony: leader of the movement • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • 3 part strategy • convince state legislatures to grant women's suffrage • 1869: Wyoming, later Utah, Colorado, Idaho • pursue court cases to test 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause) • push for national constitutional amendment

29. Susan B. Anthony Alice Paul NAWSA Carrie Chapman Catt Created by Katherine Lacks

30. Created by Katherine Lacks

31. Created by Katherine Lacks

32. The Muckrakers • Muckraker: a name applied to American journalists, novelists, and critics who in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to expose the abuses of business and the corruption in politics. • The term derives from the word muckrake used by President Theodore Roosevelt in a speech in 1906, in which he agreed with many of the charges of the muckrakers but asserted that some of their methods were sensational and irresponsible. Created by Katherine Lacks

33. THE MUCKRAKERS Upton Sinclair Lincoln Steffens Jacob Riis Ida Tarbell

34. Health Protection • The Jungle - Upton Sinclair • told of unhealthy practices in the meat packing industry • Sinclair was invited to the White House to discuss the book • TR appointed commission of experts to report on accuracy of Sinclair’s descriptions • report backed up his claims Created by Katherine Lacks

35. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

36. How did they do it???Health Protection • Meat Inspection Act (1906) • dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers • created program of federal meat inspection (grade a, b, etc) • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • halted sale of contaminated foods and medicines • called for truth in labeling Created by Katherine Lacks

37. Meat Inspection Act “I aimed at the hearts of Americans and hit them in the stomach”

38. The 16thAmendment, 1909-12, allowed the Federal government to collect a dire3ct tax n the income of US citizens

39. Created by Katherine Lacks

40. Civil Rights • TR did not support civil rights but did support few individual African Americans • Appointments and dismissals • appointed an Af. Am. as head of Charleston, SC custom house • angered Af. Ams by dismissing entire regiment of Af Am soldiers accused of rioting without questioning them first • TR invited Booker T. Washington to the White House for dinner. BTW promoted equal education for all races!!! • W.E.B. Du Bois demanded immediate social and economic equality for African Americans!!!! • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909) • aim for full equality of races Created by Katherine Lacks

41. William Howard Taft Created by Katherine Lacks

42. Election of 1912 • Republican -Taft • Progressive - Roosevelt • Democrat - Wilson • Socialist - Debs Created by Katherine Lacks

43. Roosevelt was shot in Wisconsin in 1912 by saloonkeeper John Schrank. The bullet hit a thick eye glass case, a 50 page folded copy of the speech he was about to give, and then entered his rib cage. Created by Katherine Lacks

44. "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot; but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose." Created by Katherine Lacks

45. Election of 1912 • TRs platform: direct election of Senators • adoption of initiative, referendum, recall in all states • advocates women’s suffrage, national workmen’s comp., 8-hour workday, minimum wage for women, federal child labor law, federal trade commission to regulate business • Wilson: endorsed progressive platform called New Freedom with stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, reduced tariffs • Taft and TR tore each other apart • Wilson won (435 electoral votes) • mandate to break up trusts and expand gov role in social reform Created by Katherine Lacks

46. The 17th Amendment, 1913, called for the direct election of US Senators

47. Woodrow Wilson • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) • effort to strengthen Sherman Act • declared certain business practices illegal • specified that labor unions and farm organizations had right to exist and not subject to antitrust laws • injunctions against strikers prohibited Created by Katherine Lacks

48. The 18thAmendment, 1917-19, called for the abolition of alcohol production, transportation and consumption of alcohol.

49. Women’s Suffrage The 19thAmendment, 1920, extended the right of suffrage to the female (voting age!) citizens of the US Created by Katherine Lacks

50. Why does the Progressive Movementend?