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Welcome the Hydrators. Use of Hydrates for Natural Gas Storage. Objective. Major gas storage methods: Aquifers Depleted Gas Reservoirs Salt Caverns Proposed method: Hydrates The three major methods of storing natural gas are compared with the use of hydrates. Outline.
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Welcome the Hydrators Use of Hydrates for Natural Gas Storage
Objective • Major gas storage methods: • Aquifers • Depleted Gas Reservoirs • Salt Caverns • Proposed method: • Hydrates The three major methods of storing natural gas are compared with the use of hydrates.
Natural Gas Storage - A brief history “After WW II, natural gas consuming countries noticed that the seasonal demands for natural gas could not possibly be met by then present pipeline delivery methods alone. The sizes and deliverability of pipelines would have to be increased dramatically to meet this challenge. The technology to construct such pipelines to transport the gas to major consumers was unattainable. Thus began the natural gas storage movement”.
Why Hydrates as Storage Method? • Cost factor • Hydrates could be relatively cheaper than other forms of storage method. • Hydrates can be used for economic storage of natural gas in cold countries and the associated cost can be relatively minimized. • Accessibility • Tanks can be easily accessed when needed especially during peak periods. • Safety • Incase of an explosion, hydrates burn slowly due to the presence of ice.
Natural Gas Hydrates • Pressure = 6MPA and Temperature = 293K
Natural Gas Hydrates Hydrates gas recovery diagram
Pressurized tank in order to reduce cost. • Volume of tank needed was found by Where Q is the inlet flow rate of gas, and R is the rate of formation of hydrates. Important Factors: Temperature and Pressure
Storage Method for Hydrates • Where R is the rate of hydrate formation, μ2 is the second moment of distribution around particle size for hydrate; f is the fugacity of gas, feq is the fugacity of gas at equilibrium, and K* is the kinetic parameter
Volume of reactor used for Hydration/Storage Process flow diagram for Hydrates
Depleted Gas Reservoirs • These are naturally occurring gas reservoirs that have been tapped of all recoverable natural gas. • Began in Ontario, Canada 1915. Important Selection factors • Porosity • Permeability
Depleted Gas Reservoirs ‘the Hydrators’ Natural Gas Delivery How’s my driving?..... Call: 1-800-Methane Gas gathering pipeline Compressor Valve Wellheads Pump Injection Well Withdrawal well Depleted Gas Reservoir Working Gas Cushion Gas
Aquifers An aquifer storage field is a sub-surface facility for storing natural gas.Aquifers are water bearing sands topped by an impermeable cap rock
Aquifers • Summary of parameters used
Aquifers Process flow diagram for Aquifers
Aquifers • Land for Aquifers • Must be well spaced at least 320-640 Acres apart • Must be located no less than • 100 feet from private homes • 150 feet from public streams • 50 feet from any streams • Land cost= $/acre × amount of acre used for storage (including restrictions)
Salt Caverns ‘the Hydrators’ H2O Delivery How’s my driving?.... Call: 1-800-Solvent Valve Solution mining technology Salt Dome I/W well Salt cavern formation
Salt Caverns ‘the Hydrators’ Natural Gas Delivery How’s my driving?.... Call: 1-800-Methane Gas gathering pipeline Compressor Valve Wellheads Pump Injection Well Withdrawal well Salt Cavern Working Gas Cushion Gas
Development cost factors • Gathering system • Gas flow meters • Dehydrators • Separators • Property Taxes/Insurance • Drilling • Leaching • Wells • Valves • Compressors • Cushion gas • Utilities (Electricity) • Pumps • Land / Labor • Installation costs • Pressurized tanks
Gas storage cost breakdown Installation costs Cost Factors
