The Rise of England

1. The Rise of England

2. Protestant Reformation • Led by Martin Luther • Excommunicated by Catholic Church • Heads of state determined “state” religion • Lutherans • Germany, Scandinavia • Catholics • Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, Poland • Calvinists • Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany • Anglicans • England

3. Protestant Reformation

4. Protestant Reformation • Calvinism • God is absolute • He directs mankind to His liking • People are predestined • Discipline was demanded • Luxury and merriment prohibited

5. Protestant Reformation • Anglicans (Church of England) • Henry VIII broke with Church over divorce • King = head of state and church

6. What would happen if you practiced a religion contrary to the established religion of the monarch? What options did you have?

7. England’s Voyages of Discovery • John Cabot (Italian) paid by England to duplicate Columbus • Sailed further north (1498-99( • Discovered eastern Canada and New England

8. Issues in England GOOD BAD • Better health • Gentry increased wealth (short term land leases adding in inflation) • Yeoman increased wealth (price increase of crops) • Property owners gained power in Parliament (House of Commons) • Price inflation • Nobility lost money (land leases fixed) • Nobility lost political influence (House of Lords) • Peasants lost land to landlords and merchants for sheep production (enclosure)

9. Mercantilism • Defined: • State supported manufacturing and trade as a way to increase national power and wealth • In practice: • Merchants bought wool from landowners, landless peasants (cotters) spun the wool into cloth, merchants sold cloth in England and foreign countries • Crown provided charters for merchants • Merchants allowed to fix wages (keep costs down) • Import taxes made crown wealthy • Domestic investment made merchants wealthy • By mid to late 1500’s England an economic power

10. Colonization • Colonies needed: • Funding • ships and supplies • trained soldiers • Willing settlers • Few wanted to colonize (English economy booming) • The Crown offered ‘charters’ to private investors • The most likely groups • religious dissenters – the Church of England was not sufficiently “reformed” • yeomen looking for new lands to farm • Peasants looking for economic opportunity

11. Colonization • Three types of Colonies • Royal (Provincial) • Granted by Crown • Governed by commissions (working for King) • Governor had power • Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

12. Colonization • Three types of Colonies • Charter • Political in nature • Grantees controlled the land • Legislative government • Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut

13. Colonization • Three types of Colonies • Proprietary • Granted by the Crown • Proprietors of land chose governor • Proprietors had general government control (subject to the king) • Pennsylvania and Delaware (William Penn), New Jersey (Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkley), Maryland (George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore)

14. First Colonies • Sir Walter Raleigh & Roanoke • 1585: fails • scarce food • hostile relations with natives • returned to England • 1587: • 110 people • Return 3 years later • Everyone gone . . .

15. Virginia

16. Jamestown • Corporate colony • London Company – 56 firms and 659 individuals invested • Granted by King James I • North Carolina to New York • Named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I • Jamestown settled 1607

17. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

18. Growth (near death) of Jamestown • 1607 – 104 men • Unprepared “gentlemen” colonists • Settlers wasted time (gold) • Expected native support • 38 survived winter • Gov. John Smith saved colony

19. Difficult early years . . . • By 1611 1,200 settlers arrived • Half died, most due to famine • Relations between Indians & settlers worsened • English stole from Indians • 1610-1614 -- First Anglo-Powhatan War • Gov. Thomas West (Lord De La Warr) had orders to make war. • Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields. • John Rolfe helped save colony

20. John Rolfe • Introduced tobacco • the leading export to England – a “cash crop” • Poor white workers sent to cultivate it • 1619, 20 Africans bought from Dutch – first slaves • 1614 Rolfe married Pocahontas

21. Jamestown Housing

22. Jamestown Settlement

23. Jamestown Chapel

24. Culture Clash • 1614 to 1622 = peace • Indian Uprising of 1622 • Whites taking Indian lands • 1/3 whites killed (including Rolfe) • Whites destroyed Indian food supply • End of coexistence • 1644-1646 • Second Anglo-Powhatan War • Last effort of natives • Indians defeated again • Peace Treaty of 1646 • Removed Powhatans from original land • Separation of Indians and English

25. Battle For Land Powhatan Confederacy Jamestown Settlement

26. High Mortality Rates • “Starving Time”: • 1607: 104 colonists • By spring, 1608: 38 survived • 1609: 300 more immigrants • By spring, 1610: 60 survived • 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants • 1624 population: 1,200 • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%

27. Government

28. The House of Burgesses • Established 1619 • Could make laws and levy taxes • Still subject to the governor and company, (not King) • Made up of landowning men • 1624 King James dissolved London Co. and made Virginia a royal colony • James opposed to tobacco • Distrusted House of Burgess as independent body • This meant . . . • House of Burgesses had to get laws approved by King’s Council • Church of England became official religion in Virginia

29. What was the focus of the Virginia Colony?

30. Maryland

31. The Settlement of Maryland • royal charter granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1632) • A proprietarycolony (1634) • Tobacco main crop • Absentee proprietor (feudal relationship) • Appointed brother Leonard governor

32. A Haven for Catholics • Catholic relatives received land • Other colonists wanted land • Modest farms around Chesapeake • Catholic land barons and Protestant small farmers • Gov. Calvert tried to prevent representative democracy • 1638 Lord Baltimore allowed for legislative body

33. A Haven for Catholics • Baltimore allowed freedom of worship • Protestants felt threatened by Catholics • Led to uprising • Toleration Act of 1649 • Supported by Catholics • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS • Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists, etc.)

34. Political Outcome • By 1650 a bicameral legislature in place • Upper House • Appointed • Who would this be? • Lower House • Elected by freemen • Who would this be?

35. What was the focus of the Maryland Colony?

36. Tobacco and Rebellion

37. Tobacco Trade • 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. • 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. • 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. • 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

38. Tobacco • Allowed Chesapeake region to flourish • Needed labor source • Mosquito infested • Many men died from malaria • Left women in unusual position of wealth

39. Indentured Servitude • Poor left England seeking fortune • Between 1640-1700 • 80,000 came to Virginia • 20,000 came to Maryland

40. Indentured Servitude • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years (up to age 21 for youth) • Promised “freedom dues” [land, money] • Forbidden to marry • Fed, clothed, sheltered • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid • More indentured servants = more land

41. Indentured Servitude • Bad for Servants: • Masters had total control • Could beat servants • Could extend contracts • Sometimes sexually abused women • Only about 25% benefitted by end of contract • Good for Masters: • High profit margin for tobacco • Could gain more land • Due to lack of women in colonies, men sometimes married female servant

42. Frustrated Freemen • By 1660 economy dropped • Tobacco no longer profitable • King raised taxes • Farmers grew more (supply and demand) • Farmers lost land • Indentured servants had no hope of buying land • Small group of large landowners survived • Many smaller farmers became landless • 1670 Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men • Social impact?

43. Navigation Acts • 1651 – Act of Trade and Navigation • Only English ships allowed in American ports • American merchants only allowed to trade with English • Lost trade with more profitable countries • Began drop in colonial economy

44. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Governor William Berkeley • Governor – 1642-1652 • Ended Indian Wars in 1644 (guaranteed Indian lands) • Governor again in 1660 • Corrupt! • Gave land and offices to friends and relatives

45. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Poorer whites were forced farther west (Indian land) • Berkeley monopolized fur trade with Indians • Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. • Led to war in 1675 – Susquehannock chiefs murdered • Berkeley raised taxes to pay for western forts

46. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Nathaniel Bacon • Wealthy English settler in western Virginia • Attacked Indians (against Berkeley) • Supporters gained power in House of Burgesses • Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Berkeley • Berkeley driven from Jamestown

47. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Bacon Manifesto • Death or removal of all Indians • End of rule of wealthy “parasites” • What type of war is Bacon waging? • Bacon’s men burned capital • Rebels went on a rampage • Bacon suddenly died (dysentery) • Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion; hanged 20 rebels

48. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion • Exposed internal clashes • Inland frontiersmen/ landless former servants vs. gentry on coastal plantations. • rural vs. urban • Led the upper class planters (elite) to • Share power • Enslave Africans (less likely to rebel) • Why would the planter class do this?