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The Rise of England. Protestant Reformation. Led by Martin Luther Excommunicated by Catholic Church Heads of state determined “state” religion Lutherans Germany, Scandinavia Catholics Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, Poland Calvinists Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany
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Protestant Reformation • Led by Martin Luther • Excommunicated by Catholic Church • Heads of state determined “state” religion • Lutherans • Germany, Scandinavia • Catholics • Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, Poland • Calvinists • Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany • Anglicans • England
Protestant Reformation • Calvinism • God is absolute • He directs mankind to His liking • People are predestined • Discipline was demanded • Luxury and merriment prohibited
Protestant Reformation • Anglicans (Church of England) • Henry VIII broke with Church over divorce • King = head of state and church
What would happen if you practiced a religion contrary to the established religion of the monarch? What options did you have?
England’s Voyages of Discovery • John Cabot (Italian) paid by England to duplicate Columbus • Sailed further north (1498-99( • Discovered eastern Canada and New England
Issues in England GOOD BAD • Better health • Gentry increased wealth (short term land leases adding in inflation) • Yeoman increased wealth (price increase of crops) • Property owners gained power in Parliament (House of Commons) • Price inflation • Nobility lost money (land leases fixed) • Nobility lost political influence (House of Lords) • Peasants lost land to landlords and merchants for sheep production (enclosure)
Mercantilism • Defined: • State supported manufacturing and trade as a way to increase national power and wealth • In practice: • Merchants bought wool from landowners, landless peasants (cotters) spun the wool into cloth, merchants sold cloth in England and foreign countries • Crown provided charters for merchants • Merchants allowed to fix wages (keep costs down) • Import taxes made crown wealthy • Domestic investment made merchants wealthy • By mid to late 1500’s England an economic power
Colonization • Colonies needed: • Funding • ships and supplies • trained soldiers • Willing settlers • Few wanted to colonize (English economy booming) • The Crown offered ‘charters’ to private investors • The most likely groups • religious dissenters – the Church of England was not sufficiently “reformed” • yeomen looking for new lands to farm • Peasants looking for economic opportunity
Colonization • Three types of Colonies • Royal (Provincial) • Granted by Crown • Governed by commissions (working for King) • Governor had power • Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Colonization • Three types of Colonies • Charter • Political in nature • Grantees controlled the land • Legislative government • Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut
Colonization • Three types of Colonies • Proprietary • Granted by the Crown • Proprietors of land chose governor • Proprietors had general government control (subject to the king) • Pennsylvania and Delaware (William Penn), New Jersey (Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkley), Maryland (George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore)
First Colonies • Sir Walter Raleigh & Roanoke • 1585: fails • scarce food • hostile relations with natives • returned to England • 1587: • 110 people • Return 3 years later • Everyone gone . . .
Jamestown • Corporate colony • London Company – 56 firms and 659 individuals invested • Granted by King James I • North Carolina to New York • Named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I • Jamestown settled 1607
Growth (near death) of Jamestown • 1607 – 104 men • Unprepared “gentlemen” colonists • Settlers wasted time (gold) • Expected native support • 38 survived winter • Gov. John Smith saved colony
Difficult early years . . . • By 1611 1,200 settlers arrived • Half died, most due to famine • Relations between Indians & settlers worsened • English stole from Indians • 1610-1614 -- First Anglo-Powhatan War • Gov. Thomas West (Lord De La Warr) had orders to make war. • Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields. • John Rolfe helped save colony
John Rolfe • Introduced tobacco • the leading export to England – a “cash crop” • Poor white workers sent to cultivate it • 1619, 20 Africans bought from Dutch – first slaves • 1614 Rolfe married Pocahontas
Culture Clash • 1614 to 1622 = peace • Indian Uprising of 1622 • Whites taking Indian lands • 1/3 whites killed (including Rolfe) • Whites destroyed Indian food supply • End of coexistence • 1644-1646 • Second Anglo-Powhatan War • Last effort of natives • Indians defeated again • Peace Treaty of 1646 • Removed Powhatans from original land • Separation of Indians and English
Battle For Land Powhatan Confederacy Jamestown Settlement
High Mortality Rates • “Starving Time”: • 1607: 104 colonists • By spring, 1608: 38 survived • 1609: 300 more immigrants • By spring, 1610: 60 survived • 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants • 1624 population: 1,200 • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%
The House of Burgesses • Established 1619 • Could make laws and levy taxes • Still subject to the governor and company, (not King) • Made up of landowning men • 1624 King James dissolved London Co. and made Virginia a royal colony • James opposed to tobacco • Distrusted House of Burgess as independent body • This meant . . . • House of Burgesses had to get laws approved by King’s Council • Church of England became official religion in Virginia
The Settlement of Maryland • royal charter granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1632) • A proprietarycolony (1634) • Tobacco main crop • Absentee proprietor (feudal relationship) • Appointed brother Leonard governor
A Haven for Catholics • Catholic relatives received land • Other colonists wanted land • Modest farms around Chesapeake • Catholic land barons and Protestant small farmers • Gov. Calvert tried to prevent representative democracy • 1638 Lord Baltimore allowed for legislative body
A Haven for Catholics • Baltimore allowed freedom of worship • Protestants felt threatened by Catholics • Led to uprising • Toleration Act of 1649 • Supported by Catholics • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS • Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists, etc.)
Political Outcome • By 1650 a bicameral legislature in place • Upper House • Appointed • Who would this be? • Lower House • Elected by freemen • Who would this be?
Tobacco Trade • 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. • 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. • 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. • 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco
Tobacco • Allowed Chesapeake region to flourish • Needed labor source • Mosquito infested • Many men died from malaria • Left women in unusual position of wealth
Indentured Servitude • Poor left England seeking fortune • Between 1640-1700 • 80,000 came to Virginia • 20,000 came to Maryland
Indentured Servitude • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years (up to age 21 for youth) • Promised “freedom dues” [land, money] • Forbidden to marry • Fed, clothed, sheltered • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid • More indentured servants = more land
Indentured Servitude • Bad for Servants: • Masters had total control • Could beat servants • Could extend contracts • Sometimes sexually abused women • Only about 25% benefitted by end of contract • Good for Masters: • High profit margin for tobacco • Could gain more land • Due to lack of women in colonies, men sometimes married female servant
Frustrated Freemen • By 1660 economy dropped • Tobacco no longer profitable • King raised taxes • Farmers grew more (supply and demand) • Farmers lost land • Indentured servants had no hope of buying land • Small group of large landowners survived • Many smaller farmers became landless • 1670 Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men • Social impact?
Navigation Acts • 1651 – Act of Trade and Navigation • Only English ships allowed in American ports • American merchants only allowed to trade with English • Lost trade with more profitable countries • Began drop in colonial economy
Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Governor William Berkeley • Governor – 1642-1652 • Ended Indian Wars in 1644 (guaranteed Indian lands) • Governor again in 1660 • Corrupt! • Gave land and offices to friends and relatives
Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Poorer whites were forced farther west (Indian land) • Berkeley monopolized fur trade with Indians • Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. • Led to war in 1675 – Susquehannock chiefs murdered • Berkeley raised taxes to pay for western forts
Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Nathaniel Bacon • Wealthy English settler in western Virginia • Attacked Indians (against Berkeley) • Supporters gained power in House of Burgesses • Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Berkeley • Berkeley driven from Jamestown
Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Bacon Manifesto • Death or removal of all Indians • End of rule of wealthy “parasites” • What type of war is Bacon waging? • Bacon’s men burned capital • Rebels went on a rampage • Bacon suddenly died (dysentery) • Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion; hanged 20 rebels
Results of Bacon’s Rebellion • Exposed internal clashes • Inland frontiersmen/ landless former servants vs. gentry on coastal plantations. • rural vs. urban • Led the upper class planters (elite) to • Share power • Enslave Africans (less likely to rebel) • Why would the planter class do this?